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Lex - DM 1 > 1. Hematology > Flashcards

1. Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the cellular components of whole blood

A

Erythrocytes -RBCs
Leukocytes – WBCs
Thrombocytes – platelets

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2
Q

Pancytopenia

A

a decrease in all cell lines (ex. RBC, WBC, and PLTs)

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3
Q

Polycythemia/ Anemia

A

increased RBCs

Decrease in RBCs

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4
Q

Thrombocytosis / Thrombocytopenia

A

increase in plateletes

decrease in platelets

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5
Q

Leukocytosis / penia

A

increase WBCs / decrease

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6
Q

Leukemoid reaction

A

temporary leukocytosis

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7
Q

Neutropenia

A

dec neutrophils

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8
Q

Medullary myeloid hematopoiesis

A

production of myeloid cells in the bone marrow

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9
Q

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

A

production of blood cells outside of bone marrow

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10
Q

o Prenatal hematopoiesis vs post natal

A

 Mainly produced in the yolk sac until the liver (and spleen) and then the bone marrow can take over

post natal Tibia and femur until ~ 25 y.o. then the vertebra, sternum, and ribs

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11
Q

Lymphopoesis

A

production of lymphocytes

T-cells are produced in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus

B-cells are produced and mature in the bone marrow

NK cells are produced and mature in the bone marrow

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12
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO

A

hormone produced by the kidney to stimulate production of RBCs

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13
Q

Distinguish an erythrocyte from other cell lines in the blood, discuss erythrocyte production and state the purpose of the Red Blood Cell

A

Most abundant blood cells type in the body

Biconcave

Lifespan = 120 days

Purpose: gas transport/oxygen transport

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14
Q

Discuss the Red Blood Cell components including Hemoglobin, Iron, porphyrin

A

Hemoglobin
 Heme – iron portion
 Globin – protein

Iron – carries oxygen and can be stored and reused for erythropoiesis when RBCs are broken down

Porphyrin – bind iron

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15
Q

Explain the process of what happens when a Red Blood Cell breaks down

A

o RBC breakdown byproducts:
 Heme –> bilirubin
 Iron –> recycled
 Globin –> amino acids

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16
Q

Discuss the role of leukocytes in the blood and identify their purpose

A

Purpose: fight infection and remove debris

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17
Q

Identify the 5 types of Leukocytes and discuss their role in immune response and time in circulation

A

Neutrophil – (8-12 hours)
 Bacterial infection

Monocyte (blood: 3 days, tissues: 2-3 mos) 
	Phagocytes 
	Immune response 
	Chronic infection 
	Viral infection 
	Resident macrophages 
o	Eosinophil (8 hrs – days)
	Parasitic infections 
	Allergic response

Basophil (8 hrs – days)
 Allergic reaction

Lymphocyte (days to mos to years)
 Immunity
 Viral infection

18
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Produced by megakaryocytes that live for 5-9 days

purpose: coagulation

19
Q

Demonstrate ability to input labs into the ‘X’

A

Hbg
WBC Plt
HCT

20
Q

Differentiate between Complete Blood Count (CBC) and CBC with differential

A

A complete blood count or CBC is a blood test that measures many different parts and features of your blood, i
A CBC test measures the total number of white cells in your blood.

A test called a CBC with differential also measures the number of each type of these white blood cells.

21
Q

Identify the Red Blood Cell indices and their role in diagnosing anemia

A

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) – RBC size
 Macrocytosis
 Normocytosis
 Microcytosis

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) – mean content of Hgb per RBC

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) – mean content of total Hgb

Red cell distribution width (RDW) – variation in RBC size
 Anisocytosis

22
Q

Define mild neutropenia, moderate neutropenia and severe neutropenia.

A

Mild neutropenia: >1,000 ANC & <1,500 cells/microL

Moderate neutropenia: >500 ANC & <1,000 cells/microL

Severe neutropenia: ANC & cells/microL <500

23
Q

Bone Marrow Biopsy techniques and its diagnostic use in patients

A

Indications:
Patient specific determination

Pancytopenia

Abnormal cells in circulation
• Anemia
• Malignancy
• Concern for immature cells

24
Q

Recall contraindications to Bone Marrow examination.

A

Hemophilia

Severe DIC

Severe bleeding disorders

25
Q

Discuss the value of a Reticulocyte count and indications for ordering

A

A reticulocyte count is an indication of erythropoiesis

Causes of reticulocytosis:
 Decreased RBC survival
 Increased production d/t accelerated loss
 Recent replacement of deficient nutrient

26
Q

Interpret the results from Reticulocyte study

A

Reticulocyte count: 0.5-2% normal

Reticulocyte index (RPI) – 2.0 – 3.0

27
Q

Discuss the value of an erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and indications for ordering

A

nonspecific measure of inflammation

28
Q

Discuss the role of Hemoglobin electrophoresis

A

Tests the contents of the RBCs against a known band for the various Hgb types

29
Q

Identify symptoms of anemia that are common in clinical presentation

A 
o	Fatigue/dizziness/weakness 
o	Syncope 
o	Pallor
o	Jaundice 
o	Dyspnea 
o	Palpitations/chest pain/MI
30
Q

the difference between Microcytic, Macrocytic and Normocytic anemias and the importance of MCV lab value in determining

A

o Microcytic: <80 fL
o Normocytic: 80 – 100 fL
o Macroctic: >100 fL

31
Q

Identify Vitamin K dependent factors in the clotting cascade

A

o 2, 7, 9 ,10

2 + 7 = 9 + 1 = 10

32
Q

Identify the role of PT and PTT in coagulation

A

PT and PTT prevent coagulation

33
Q

Discuss the role of D-Dimer in diagnosing a patient with a clot or bleeding

A

A D-dimer will indicate thrombosis with thrombolysis because it is measuring terminal fibrin degradation products

34
Q

• Discuss the blood bank transfusion process

A

Blood collection -> testing for infectious disease -> blood component preparation -> ID of proper components for treatment -> Assessment of compatibility between donor and recipient -> transfusion -> evaluation for adverse reaction

35
Q

Identify the antigens on a Red Blood Cell

A

A, B, AB, and O

36
Q

Recall the Blood Bank (Immunohematology) labs tests and indications

A 
o	ABO group 
o	Antibody screen 
o	Type and screen
o	Crossmatch 
o	Transfusion
o	Coombs test
37
Q

Explain the process of Type and Screen and how it related to blood transfusions

A

o Forward typing: detecting antigens on RBC
 Add antibodies to different tubes containing patient’s RBCs and look for clumping

o Reverse typing: to detect antibodies in serum which can bind to RBC antigens
 Add patient’s serum to tubes containing antibodies and look for clumping

38
Q

Packed RBCs

A 
	Hemorrhage 
	Anemia 
	Severe thalassemia 
	Hemolytic disease of the newborn 
	Sickle cell
39
Q

Platelets

A

 Thrombocytopenia
 Invasive surgery
 Massive transfusion
 DIC

40
Q

Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)

A

 Prevent coagulopathy in trauma
 Correct coagulopathy before surgery
 Correct coagulopathy/bleeding
 DIC

41
Q

State the risks of blood transfusions

A 
o	Hemolytic transfusion reaction 
o	Leukoagglutin reaction 
o	Hypersensitive reaction 
o	Bacterial contamination 
o	Infectious disease 
o	Transfusion GVHD
o	Transfusion related acute lung injury

Lex - DM 1 (4 decks)

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