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Cell Pathology > 1. Haemodynamic disorders > Flashcards

1. Haemodynamic disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Oedema

A

An abnormal increase in interstitial fluid

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2
Q

Causes of Oedema

A 
Increased hydrostatic pressure 
Salt and H20 retention
Reduced plasma oncotic pressure
Inflammation
Lymphatic obstruction
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3
Q

Generalised Oedema

A

Fluid in serous cavities >5L (pleural, pericardial, peritoneal)

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4
Q

3 Causes of generalised Oedema

A

Congestive heart failure
Hypoproteinaemia (low protein content)
Nutritional oedema

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5
Q

Localised Oedema

A

Pulmonary and cerebral oedema

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6
Q

4 Causes of localised oedema

A

Left heart failure
Inflammation
Venous hypertension
Lymphatic obstruction

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7
Q

Pulmonary oedema

A

Normally plasma oncotic pressure is > hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries
Left heart failure increases hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillary bed
Fluid accumulates 1st in interstitial space and then eventually spills into alveolar spaces

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8
Q

Main symptom of pulmonary oedema

A

Breathlessness (worse when lying flat)

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9
Q

2 Causes of Cerebral Oedema

A

Vasogenic: Increased permeability of capillaries and venules
Cytotoxic: Derangement of sodium-potassium membrane pump e.g. ischaemic strokes

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10
Q

Thrombosis

A

Abnormal blood clot formation in the circulatory system

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11
Q

3 Causes of Thrombosis

A

Endothelial injury
Stasis or turbulent blood flow
Blood hyper coagulability

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12
Q

What are the Primary causes of hypercoaguability?

A

Genetic:
Factor V mutation
Protein C deficiency

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13
Q

What are the Secondary causes of hypercoaguability?

A 
Acquired:
Obesity
Cancer
Stasis 
Age
Use of oral contraceptive pill
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14
Q

Venous thrombi mainly form in…

A

Deep leg veins

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15
Q

2 Key contributory factors to venous thrombi

A

Stasis

Hypercoaguablilty

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16
Q

Most important potential complication of venous thrombi

A

Pulmonary embolism

17
Q

What does narrowing of artery by thrombus cause?

A

Ischaemia of tissue supplied by artery

18
Q

What does complete blockage of artery by thrombus cause?

A

Infarction of tissue supplied by artery

19
Q

4 Fates of Thrombi

A

Propagation
Embolisation
Dissolution
Organisation and re-canalisation

20
Q

Thrombi come to clinical attention when they

A

Obstruct arteries or veins

Embolise

21
Q

Embolus

A

abnormal material within circulatory system that is carried in blood to a site distant from its point of origin

22
Q

Rare types of embolic material

A

Air
Fat
Amniotic fluid
Tumour

23
Q

Infarct

A

An area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of arterial supply or venous drainage

24
Q

Red Infarct

A

Result of Venous occlusion

Often in loose tissue with dual circulation e.g. Lung

25
Q

White Infarct

A

Result of Arterial occlusion

Often in solid organs e.g. Spleen, Kidney

26
Q

Pulmonary thromboembolism:

What does emboli lodging in a major pulmonary artery cause?

A

Instantaneous death

27
Q

Pulmonary thromboembolism:

What does emboli lodging in medium sized arteries present with?

A

Breathlessness

28
Q

Pulmonary thromboembolism:

What does emboli lodging in small arteries cause?

A

Subtle symptoms of breathlessness, chest pain and dizziness

29
Q

Haemorrhage

A

Extravasation of blood due to vessel rupture

30
Q

What are the causes of Haemorrhage?

A

Trauma

Intrinsic disease of a vessel

31
Q

Define Shock

A

Systemic hypotension due to reduced circulatory volume or reduced cardiac output

32
Q

What is the cause of Hypovolaemic Shock?

A

Fluid loss >1L of blood

33
Q

Cardiogenic Shock

A

Heart can’t pump enough blood to meet body’s demands

34
Q

What is the cause of Cardiogenic shock?

A

Acute myocardial infarction

35
Q

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is characterised by 2 or more of the following:

A

Temperature >38 C or < 36 C
Tachycardia >90 bpm
Respiratory rare >20 breaths/min or PaCO2 <4.3KPa
WBC >12 x109/ L or >10% immature blasts

36
Q

What is Sepsis?

A

SIRS + infection

37
Q

What is Septic Shock?

A

Severe sepsis + hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation, or the use of vasopressors/inotropes to maintain blood pressure

38
Q

What is Severe Sepsis?

A

Sepsis + organ hypoperfusion

39
Q

What is the cause of Neurogenic Shock?

A

Sudden loss of signals from sympathetic nervous system that maintain normal muscle tone in blood vessel walls

Cell Pathology (6 decks)

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