(1) Gram Negative Bacilli Flashcards
What is the purpose of the Oxidase Test?
To identify bacteria that produce cytochrome oxidase, which turns indophenol blue.
What is the main reagent used in the Oxidase Test?
Tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride.
What is a positive result in the Oxidase Test?
A bluish-purple color, indicating the presence of cytochrome oxidase.
Which organisms are positive and negative in the Oxidase Test?
Positive: Pseudomonas; Negative: E. coli
What is the purpose of the Nitrate Reduction Test?
To determine if an organism can reduce nitrate (NO₃) to nitrite (NO₂).
What are the main reagents used in the Nitrate Reduction Test?
Sulfanilic acid and α-naphthylamine
What does a positive result look like in the Nitrate Reduction Test?
A red color, indicating nitrate reduction
What does a colorless result mean after adding zinc dust in the Nitrate Reduction Test?
True positive, indicating complete nitrate reduction beyond nitrite.
What does a red color after adding zinc dust in the Nitrate Reduction Test indicate?
True negative, meaning nitrate was not reduced.
What is the purpose of the ONPG Test?
To test for beta-galactosidase enzyme, which indicates lactose fermentation.
What is a positive result in the ONPG Test?
A yellow color, showing the presence of beta-galactosidase.
What is the purpose of the LOA Test?
To determine the presence of amino acid decarboxylase activity in organisms like Enterics, Aeromonas, Vibrio, and Plesiomonas.
What medium is used in the LOA Test?
Moeller’s Decarboxylase Medium.
What indicator is used in the LOA Test?
Bromcresol purple
What is a positive result in the LOA Test?
A purple color, indicating the production of amine products.
What does a yellow result mean in the LOA Test?
Negative result, indicating no production of amine products.
What is the purpose of the Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Test?
To differentiate bacteria based on sugar fermentation, gas production, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production.
What indicator is used in the TSI Test?
Phenol red, which shows pH changes
What indicates H2S production in the TSI Test?
Black discoloration due to ferrous sulfate.
When is H2S seen in the TSI Test?
Only under acidic conditions.
How is gas production shown in the TSI Test?
By splits or cracks in the medium.
What are the conditions in the slant and butt of the TSI medium?
Slant: Aerobic; Butt: Anaerobic.
What does an A/A (yellow/yellow) result indicate in TSI?
2-3 sugars were fermented;
gas production may create space at the bottom (A/A + gas).
What does a K/A (red/yellow) result indicate in TSI?
Only glucose was fermented.
What does a K/K (red/red) result indicate in TSI?
No sugars were fermented; typical of non-fermenters like Pseudomonas.
What is the purpose of the Lysine Iron Agar (LIA) Test?
To determine an organism’s ability to decarboxylate or deaminate lysine and produce H2S.
What medium and indicator are used in the LIA Test?
Moeller’s Medium with bromcresol purple as the pH indicator.
What indicates H2S production in the LIA Test?
Ferric ammonium citrate.
What does a positive lysine decarboxylation (LDC) result look like in LIA?
Purple color in the butt, indicating decarboxylation under anaerobic conditions.
What does a negative lysine decarboxylation (LDC) result look like in LIA?
Yellow in the butt, indicating no decarboxylation.
What does a positive lysine deamination result look like in LIA?
Red color on the slant, indicating deamination under aerobic conditions.
What does a K/K (purple/purple) result indicate in LIA?
Positive for decarboxylation
What does a K/A (purple/yellow) result indicate in LIA?
Negative for decarboxylation (no reaction/neutral).
What does an R/A (red/yellow) result indicate in LIA?
Positive for deamination
What reagent is used in the Indole Test?
Kovac’s reagent and Ehrlich’s reagent (PDAB)
What is a positive result in the Indole Test?
A red ring, commonly seen in E. coli
What is the purpose of the Rapid Spot Indole Test?
To quickly screen for indole production under anaerobic conditions.
What material is used in the Rapid Spot Indole Test?
Filter paper impregnated with p-DAC
What does a positive result look like in the Rapid Spot Indole Test?
A blue spot indicates the presence of indole.
What pathway does the Methyl Red Test detect in bacteria?
The mixed acid pathway of glucose fermentation.
What indicator is used in the Methyl Red Test?
Methyl red
What medium is used in the Methyl Red Test?
MRVP medium
How long is the Methyl Red Test incubated?
3-5 days to achieve turbidity.
What does a yellow result mean in the Methyl Red Test?
Negative result, indicating a pH above 4.4.
What is a positive result in the Methyl Red Test?
A red color at pH 4.4
What metabolic pathway is detected by the Voges-Proskauer Test?
The butylene glycol pathway of glucose fermentation.
What medium is used in the Voges-Proskauer Test?
MRVP medium
What are the end products detected in the Voges-Proskauer Test?
Acetoin or acetylmethylcarbinol
What reagents are used in Barritt’s Method for the VP Test?
α-naphthol and KOH.