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IGCSE CHEMISTRY MATS > 1 - Fundamental Chemistry > Flashcards

1 - Fundamental Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Solid to liquid?

A

melting

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2
Q

Liquid to gas?

A

Evaporating

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3
Q

Solid to gas?

A

sublimation

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4
Q

Gas to solid?

A

deposition

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5
Q

Gas to liquid?

A

condensing

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6
Q

Liquid to solid?

A

freezing

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7
Q

Describe the particles in a solid

A
  • particles are held tightly packed and fairly close together
  • particles are in fixed positions but they do vibrate
  • particles are strongly attracted to each other
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8
Q

Describe the particles in a liquid

A
  • particles are fairly close together with some attraction between them
  • particles are able to move around in all directions but movement is limited by attractions between particles
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9
Q

Describe the particles in a gas

A
  • particles are free to move in all directions and collide with each other and with the walls of the container and are widely spaced out
  • particles have little attraction between them
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10
Q

What happens as the water changes states?

A
  • bonds are being broken and particles are rearranging all of which requires energy
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11
Q

Define diffusion

A
  • movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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12
Q

Why does diffusion occure faster in a hot solution?

A
  • the particles have more kinetic energy so move around faster
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13
Q

Define solute

A

Substance (often a solid) to be dissolved

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14
Q

Define solvent

A

Liquid that can dissolve a solid

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15
Q

Define solution

A

A mixture formed when one substance dissolves into another

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16
Q

Define soluble

A

Can dissolve

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17
Q

Define insoluble

A

Cannot dissolve

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18
Q

Define saturated

A

As much solute is dissolved into the solvent as is possible

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19
Q

Define aqueous

A

The substance is dissolved in a solution

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20
Q

What is the formula for hydrochloric acid?

A

HCl

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21
Q

Which state of matter has the highest energy?

A

Gas

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22
Q

What is H2SO4?

A

Sulfuric acid

23
Q

What is the unit for solubility?

A

g/100g

24
Q

What is the relationship between solubility and temperature?

A

The lower the solubility of the substance, the lower the temperature of cristalisation

25
Q

Define element

A

A substance made of only one type of atom

26
Q

Define compound

A

Two or more types of atoms that are chemically bonded

27
Q

Define mixture

A

Two substances together that are not chemically bonded

28
Q

Define molecule

A

Two or more atoms bonded together

29
Q

Define atom

A

The smallest part of an element

30
Q

What are the 4 ways of seperating mixtures?

A
  • chromatography
  • filtration
  • evaporation
  • distillation (simple or fractional)
31
Q

What is filtration?

A

To seperate an insoluble solid from a liquid eg. sand + water

32
Q

What is simple distillation?

A
  • to seperate a solute and a solvent when we want to keep both
  • the temperature needs to be above the boiling point of the solvent
33
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A
  • to seperate mixtures of liquids with different boiling points
34
Q

Apparatus for simple distillation:

A
  • bunsen burner
  • boiling tube
  • bung
  • thermometer
  • delivery tube
  • beaker
35
Q

Apparatus for fractional distillation:

A
  • round-bottomed flask
  • fractional distillation column
  • bung
  • thermometer
  • Liebig condenser
  • conical flask
36
Q

What do long molecules have that makes them hard to break?

A

They have a higher boiling point

37
Q

What is chromatography?

A

As the solvent rises up the filter paper, the individual components (dyes) within the substance are seperated. Different dyes travel different distances up the paper.

38
Q

What is the solvent front?

A

The solvent that travels the furthest up the filter paper which leaves a line.

39
Q

How to calculate an Rf value

A

distance travelled by substance/distance travelled by solvent

40
Q

What are the 3 subatomic particles?

A
  • protons
  • neutrons
  • electrons
41
Q

What is the nucleus of an element made of?

A
  • neutrons (neutral charge)

- protons (+ charge)

42
Q

What is the mass number?

A
  • number of protons and neutrons

- number below the symbol of the element

43
Q

What is the atomic number?

A
  • number of protons and electrons

- below the symbol of the element

44
Q

How to calculate the number of neutrons?

A

atomic mass (protons+neutrons) - atomic number (protons)

45
Q

How do you calculate the number of electrons?

A

The atomic number (below the symbol)

46
Q

What is the mass of a proton?

A

1

47
Q

What is the mass of a neutron?

A

1

48
Q

What is the mass of an electron?

A

negligable

49
Q

What is an isotope?

A

When the number of neutrons change. This changes the mass number.

50
Q

What are shells?

A

The electrons surrounding the nucleus in energy levels.

51
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.

52
Q

How to calculate the atomic mass of an isotope?

A

(percentage by atomic mass) + (percentage by atomic mass)/100

53
Q

Define relative atomic mass

A

Mass of an atom relative to the mass of Carbon-12

IGCSE CHEMISTRY MATS (7 decks)

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