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MCD- Tissues > 1 - Epithelial Cells I > Flashcards

1 - Epithelial Cells I Flashcards

1
Q

Give a feature of the nuclear envelope

A

it is a double membrane

it is continuous with the ER

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2
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

site of production of subunits of ribosomes

NOTE: the subunits are made up of ribosomal RNA and associated proteins

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3
Q

What is the function of the ER?

A

involved in packing and processing proteins

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4
Q

Describe the 2 types of ER

A

rER - exists as flattened sheets (cisternae), which is sudden with ribosomes on the outer surface
sER - more tubular and lacks ribosomes. It has a major function in lipid metabolism

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5
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

complexes, not just holes

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6
Q

What is the structure and function of the Golgi?

A

they are stacked, membrane-bound, flattened sacs involved in the modifying, sorting and packaging of macromolecules for secretion of delivery to organelles (carried in vesicles to other organelles)

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7
Q

What is the cis and what is the trans face of the golgi?

A

cis face - towards the ER

trans face - towards the cell periphery

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8
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

‘cell eating’ - internalisation of particles

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9
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

cell drinking - extracellular fluid is internalised
the major function of this is RECEPTOR MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS (ligands bind to receptors and become internalised) - iron is internalised in this way

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10
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

they contain enzymes involved in lipid and oxygen metabolism
e.g. catalases, peroxidases

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11
Q

MICROTUBULES:

1) what are they?
2) what is their function?
3) they radiate out from a point called the _____
4) Give 3 examples of what they make up

A

1) polymers of α and β tubular (heterodimers)
2) involved in cell shape and act as track for movement of organelles and cytoplasmic components within the cell
3) MTOC (MicroTubule Organsing Centre)
4) cilia (9+2 formation), flagella, mitotic spindle

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12
Q 
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT
1) what are they?
2) What types of intermediate filaments do the following have:
a - epithelial cells
b - mesenchymal cells
c - neurons
d - muscle
3) what is their function?
A 
1) a group of filamentous proteins which form rope-like filaments
2)
a - cytokeratin
b - vimentin
c - neurofilament protein
d - desmin
3) provide mechanical support to cells
in particular, nuclear laminins stabilise the envelope
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13
Q

MICROFILAMENTS:

1) what are they?
2) What do they associate with in the endothelial, the epithelia and with plasma membrane proteins?
3) What is the function?
4) Where is it usually found within a cell?
5) what type of structure does it have?
6) what are the monomers?

A

1) polymers of actin (called filamentous actin)
2) associate with adhesion belts
3) involved in cell shape and movement
4) usually bundled near the periphery
5) helical structure
6) globular actin (G-actin)

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14
Q

What are mesenchymal cells?

A

connective tissue e.g. fibroblasts, chondrocytes, osteocytes, muscle cells

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of neural cells?

A

neurones (carry electrical signals) and glial cells (support cells)

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16
Q

What are cancers of the following cell called:

1) epithelial cells
2) mesenchymal cells
3) haematopoietic cells
4) neural cells

A

1) carcinoma
2) sarcoma
3) leukaemia (bone marrow cells) and lymphoma (lymphocytes)
4) neuroblastoma (neurones) and glioma (glial cells)

17
Q

Define a tissue

A

a group of cells whose type, organisation and architecture are integral to its function

18
Q

Why do epithelial cells form layers?

A

they have stable cell-cell junctions, which allows them to form a cohesive layer

19
Q

What are the 2 forms of cell-cell junctions?

A

Zonulae (belts)

Macula (spots)

20
Q

TIGHT JUNCTIONS

A

ZONULA OCCLUDENS

  • the more elaborate the networks, the tighter the seal
  • they seal the paracellular pathway (between the cells)
  • segregate membranes - stop diffusion of proteins and allows polarity of cells to be established
21
Q

ADHESION BELTS

A

ZONULAR ADHERENS

  • formed just basal to the apical tight junction
  • consists of cadherins - they bind to similar molecules on adjacent cells and cluster to form the junctions
  • first junction to form between epithelial cells (hence: MASTER JUNCTION)
22
Q

DESMOSOMES

A

MACULA ADHERENS

  • on the lateral membrane between cells
  • have cadherin-like molecules, which link to the IF cytoskeleton
  • very abundant in the epidermis
23
Q

GAP JUNCTION

A

MACULA COMMUNICANS

  • main function is communication between cells NOT the hold the cells together or the seal the paracellular pathway
  • made up of clusters of pores, which are formed by membrane proteins
  • allows the passage of ions and small molecules between cells
  • pores can open and close - this is controlled by electrical activity, calcium con etc

MCD- Tissues (11 decks)

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