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BS VI, Quiz III > 1. Endocrine Anatomy I > Flashcards

1. Endocrine Anatomy I Flashcards

1
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• A few, widely separated glands that form discrete anatomical organs; and
• Other, smaller groups of cells located in organs belonging to other systems

From the anatomical perspective…
Endocrine glands are distinguished by one fundamental characteristic: they do not have ____, but instead, discharge their secretions directly into the ____. Consequently, endocrine tissue is particularly ____!

A

ducts
bloodstream
vascular

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2
Q

The endocrine system (along with the nervous and immune systems), facilitates communication, integration and regulation of body functions, interacting with target cells and tissues, many distant, by releasing ____ into the bloodstream

A

hormones

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3
Q

PITUITARY GLAND (Hypophysis cerebri)

  • Reddish-grey, ____ body; weight ca. 500 mg.
  • Lies within the ____ of the sphenoid, at center of ____
  • Covered superiorly by a ____ of dura matter
A

ovoid
hypohyseal fossa
sella turcica
diaphragma sella

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4
Q

The pituitary is continuous with the ____, a hollow, conical, inferior process of the
____ of the hypothalamus

The pituitary gland is actually two closely associated endocrine organs that differ in their origin, structure and function:

  • Neurohypophysis= ____
  • Adenohypophysis= ____
A

infundibulum
tuber cinereum
posterior pituitary
anterior pituitary

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5
Q

The neurohypophysis is a ____ downgrowth connected with the hypothalamus

Both include parts of the ____ (stalk)

The adenohypophysis is an ____ derivative of the ____

A

diencephalic
infundibulum
ectodermal
stomodeum

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6
Q

The stalk of the pituitary has a central ____ that contains neural hypophyseal connections and is continuous with the ____ of the tuber cinereum

The highly vascular adenohypophysis
consists of ____ cells of varying size and shape arranged in cords or irregular follicles between that lie thin walled ____

A

infundibular stem
median eminence

epithelial
vascular sinusoids

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7
Q

Axons from neurons located in ____, including ____ neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, pass to the main mass of the ____ in the ____ tract

A

hypothalamic nuclei
magnocellular
neurohypophysis
hypothalamic-hypophyseal

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8
Q

Axons from neurons located in hypothalamic nuclei, including magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, pass to the main mass of the neurohypophysis in the
hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

superior hypophyseal
arteries, arising from the ____ portion of each ____, contribute bilaterally to formation of a ____ around the
infundibulum

A

cerebral
ICA
vascular plexus

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9
Q

Axons from ____ cells in the paraventricular nucleus, as well as axons from other ____ nuclei, course toward the ____

as releasing/inhibiting hormones regulating anterior pituitary hormones

A single
\_\_\_\_
artery, arising from the
cavernous portion
of each \_\_\_\_, divides
on each side into
medial and lateral
branches, which
anastomose across
the midline and form an \_\_\_\_ around the infundibulum
A

parvocellular
hypothalmic
adenohypohysis

inferior hypophyseal
ICA
arterial ring

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10
Q

Blood in the hypophyseal arteries enters capillaries contributing to the ____ SYSTEM allowing fast hormonal communication between ____ and ____

A

hypophyseal portal
hypothalamus
pituitary

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11
Q

Hormones that enter the neurohypophysis via the ____ tract may be released into a spray of capillaries arising from the ____ and enter the hypophyseal portal system

  • ____ (ADH)
  • ____

hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis are released into the sinusoids and drain via ____

portal vessels descend toward the ____, opening into vascular sinusoids lying between the secretory cords in the ____

the portal system carries hormone releasing factors controlling the secretory cycles of cells in the ____ adenohypophysis

A

hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
superior hypophyseal arteries
vasopressin
oxytocin

hypophyseal veins
pars anterior
adenohypophysis

pars anterior

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12
Q

The venous drainage of the pituitary is directed:
• To the ____
• To ____

A

hypothalamus

venous dural sinuses

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13
Q

Major ant pit hormones:

  • ____
  • ____
  • ____
  • ____
  • ____
  • ____

Major pit hormones:

  • ____
  • ____
A 
GNRH
somatostatin
CRH
GnRH
TRH
PIH

oxytocin
ADH

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14
Q

The pineal gland is a feature of the ____,

lying at the posterior end of the ____

A

epithalamus

third ventricle

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15
Q

Note that the pineal modifies activity of both ____ and ____ and that pineal secretions may reach these targets via EITHER
____ or the ____

The pineal is bathed in ____ through a small pineal recess projecting into the stalk of the gland

A 
neurohypophysis
adenohypophysis
CSF
blood stream
CSF
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16
Q

Glandular function is regulated by inputs from the ____ of the Hypothalamus responsible for controlling ____

A 
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
circadian rhythms
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17
Q

The pineal gland produces ____, a ____-derived hormone that modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles

The pineal has an extensive blood supply provided by ____ branches of the ____

Which essential amino acid is a precursor? ____

A

melatonin
seratonin

choroidal
posterior cerebral artery

tryptophan

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18
Q

Pinealocytes, highly modified ____, synthesize ____ and secrete it into a surrounding network of fenestrated capillaries

It is suggested that the Pinealocytes are derived (phylogenetically)
from ____ cells and in fact, melatonin production
IS stimulated by ____ and inhibited by ____

NOTE : calcifications called ____ or “brain sand” increase with age- implicated in dementia

A

neurons
melatonin

photoreceptor
darkness
light

acervuli

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19
Q

Venous drainage of the pineal is directed toward the ____

A

great cerebral vein (great vein of galen)

20
Q

Recall that the thyroid:
• Located in the ____
• Lies deep to the ____ muscles, which must be retracted in order to access the gland during life
• Is found, along with related viscera, in a fascial compartment formed by the ____ and ____ layers of the ____

A 
anterior cervical triangle
infrahyoid (cervical strap)
pretracheal
buccopharyngeal
deep cervical fascia
21
Q

Recall that the developing thyroid descends
through the neck during development, passing
anterior to elements of the laryngeal skeleton
and reaching its final position, with obliteration of
the ____ DUCT by the ____ week of embryonic development

A

thyroglossal duct

eighth

22
Q

LINGUAL THYROID
• Most common form of ____
Firm, pink red midline mass encountered just posterior to ____
Initial identification often by dental practitioners

A

ectopic thyroid

foramen cecum

23
Q

Lingual thyroid

Ectopic thyroid tissue in the median plane is often the only thyroid tissue, so…

Removal may leave the patient on ____ for life

A

thyroid replacement medication

24
Q

Approximately 50% of all individuals present with a ____
of the thyroid, (usually) extending ____ from the isthmus of the gland

Excision of the pyramidal lobe may provide a surgical challenge in total ____

The pyramidal lobe may be encountered during, and complicate, emergency ____

A

pyramidal lobe
superiorly
thyroidectomy
cricothyrotomy

25
Q

THYROGLOSSAL CYSTS
• result from the failure of the ____ duct to regress completely
• These ____-filled cavities present clinically as firm, irregular ____ neck masses.

A

thyroglossal
fluid
firm

26
Q

The posteromedial aspects of the left and right lobes are attached to the ____ cartilage via ____

The ligament effectively suspends the gland from the ____.

A

cricoid
ligamentous attachments (berry’s ligament)
airway

27
Q

GOITER
(due to ____ deficiency) may lead to enlargement
of the thyroid gland in all directions except ____, leading to compression of:
• ____
• ____
• ____

A 
iodine
superiorly
trachea
esophagus
recurrent laryngeal nerves
28
Q

The thyroid gland is said to have the ____ blood supply per unit of tissue
of any organ in the body

superior thyroid artery from the ____

inferior thyroid artery from the ____

A

greatest
external carotid
thyrocervical trunk

29
Q

Unique among the endocrine glands, the epithelial cells of the thyroid form ____; the outer wall of each vesicle is adjacent to an abundant ____, and the hollow within the vesicle serves as a storehouse for ____ until it is needed by the rest of the body

When present, the thyroid ima artery arises from either the ____ or the ____.

A 
vesicles
capillary network
thyroid hormone
aortic arch
branchiocephalic trunk
30
Q

Recall the proximity of the thyroid arteries to the branches
of ____ responsible for the innervation of the larynx and the resultant vulnerability
of those nerves to iatrogenic injury in ____

A

CN X

thyroidectomy

31
Q

A ____ envelops the thyroid gland

A

glandular venous plexus

32
Q

Superior and middle thyroid veins drain into the ____…

A

IJV

33
Q

..but the
INFERIOR THYROID VEIN
drains to the

____ in the ____

A

left brachiocephalic vein

superior mediastinum

34
Q

PARATHYROID GLANDS
Though closely associated
with the thyroid, the (normally) ____ parathyroid glands differ in both origin and physiology…

…the parathyroids are derived from the walls of the____ and ____ pharyngeal pouches

A

four
third
fourth

35
Q

PARATHYROID GLANDS
The glands are small, flattened ovals, found above and below the entry into the thyroid of the ____

These arteries provide
the ____ blood supply to the parathyroids

Venous drainage is to the
____

____ hormone
exerts control over
the calcium content of
the blood, with implications for nervous and muscular function as well as the integrity of the bony skeleton

While ____ innervation of these glands is abundant, it is purely ____ as parathyroid secretion is hormonally regulated

The glands are carefully spared in ____

A 
inferior thyroid arteries
primary
thyroid venous plexus
parathyroid
sympathetic
vasomotor
thyroidectomy
36
Q

The THYMUS is a T-cell producing ____ lymphoid organ vital to the the development and maturation of the immune system during childhood

Derived from the
____ pharyngeal pouches
the thymus descends during development, thus ____ (accessory) thymic tissue is a possibility

A ____ in fact attaches thyroid and thymus

A

primary
third
ectopic
thyrothymic ligament

37
Q

Relatively large in infancy, the thymus ____ in size through adolescence and gradually ____ beginning around age 20, with progressive ____ replacement through adulthood

A

increases
involutes
fatty

38
Q

When sizeable, the thymus consists of two ____ lobes, touching (and sometimes uniting into a single mass) in the ____. At this stage, the gland will be situated partly in the ____ and partly in the ____.

Arterial supply from the
____ and internal thoracic arteries.

Venous drainage via the
____, internal thoracic, and ____.

A

asymmetric
midline
thorax
neck

inferior thyroid
left brachiocephalic
inferior thryoid veins

39
Q

Similar to the thyroid, accessory thymic tissue may be located anywhere along the path of descent form the ____ pharyngeal pouch of the ____ ducts.

The thymus was once worshipped as the “seat of the soul” by the ancient Greeks!

A

third

thymopharyngeal

40
Q

Beyond vasomotor function, the role of the ____ nervous system in the biology of the thymus is poorly understood

Note that the ____ nerves innervate the loose fibrous connective tissue capsule of the gland.

In the adult, that ____ is usually what distinguishea the atrophied thymus from surrounding tissues

Thymic remnants are a feature of both the ____ and ____
in the adult

A 
sympathetic
phrenic
capsule
superior
anterior mediastinum
41
Q

SUPRARENAL (ADRENAL) GLANDS

  • ____ retroperitoneal glands
  • Surrounded by ____ and enclosed by renal fascia by which they attach to the ____
  • Associated with the ____ of the kidneys
  • Composed of cords of epithelial cells with abundant ____ between the cords
  • Each features an outer ____ and central ____
A 
primary
perirenal fat
crura of the diaphragm
superior poles
capillaries
cortex
medulla
42
Q

The suprarenal glands are roughly ____ in shape
The right suprarenal
is normally ____ in shape…

… while the left suprarenal is normally ____

A

triangular
pyramidal
semilunar

43
Q

The adrenal cortex and medulla are really two ____ endocrine glands which have become closely associated

Each has a unique function and developmental history

MEDULLA arises from some of the ____ cells that give rise to the ____ ganglia and is permeated with capillaries and sinusoids

CORTEX arises directly by proliferation of ____ epithelium and secretes ____ and androgens

A

separate

neural crest
peripheral sympathetic

mesodermal
coelomic epithelium
corticosteroids

44
Q

The ____ seems to be the only endocrine gland whose activity is controlled entirely by nerve impulses…

… as preganglionic sympathetic fibers from ____ nerves end directly on ____ cells, rather than on postganglionic neurons located in either paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia

The effects of ____, secreted by the medulla, are complementary to those of the sympathetic nervous system

A

suprarenal medulla
thoracic splanchnic
medullary chromaffin
epinephrine

45
Q

Each gland receives THREE suprarenal arteries
• SUPERIOR- from the ____
• MIDDLE- from the ____
• INFERIOR- from the ____

A

inferior phrenic a
abdominal aorta
renal artery

46
Q

The RIGHT suprarenal vein drains directly into the
____

The LEFT suprarenal vein drains directly into the
____

A

inferior vena cava

left renal vein

47
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the suprarenal glands is abundant and directed toward ____ NODES

A

lumbar

BS VI, Quiz III (4 decks)

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