1- EENT Emergencies Flashcards
What type of herpes is responsible for herpes simplex keratitis?
HSV-1 (presumed recurrent)
Pt presents w/ acute onset eye pain, photophobia, blurred/ decreased vision, and tearing. What might you be concerned for?
Herpes simplex keratitis
On PE you note conjunctival injection, ciliary flush, and decreased corneal sensation. What might you be concerned for?
Herpes simplex keratitis
On slit-lamp with fluorescin of pt with suspected herpes simplex keratitis, what might you notice?
Dendritic lesions
What is the management for herpes simplex keratitis?
Urgent ophthalmology referral
What topical and oral med management is given for herpes simplex keratitis?
- Topical
- Acyclovir 3% ophthalmic ointment
- Ganciclovir 0.15% gel
- Oral
- Acyclovir 400mg
What treatment should be avoided in a pt with herpes simplex keratitis?
Topical glucocorticoids
What are the indications for a corneal transplant in the treatment of herpes simplex keratitis?
Severe scarring or perforation
What optical emergency is due to UV radiation exposure, has a latent period of 6-12 hrs and is intensely painful but generally self limited?
UV keratitis
Pt presents with severe bilateral eye pain (distraught, pacing, rocking, unable to open eyes), photophobia, and foreign body sensation. What are you concerned for?
UV Keratitis
On PE you note tearing, generalized injection/ chemosis of the bulbar conjunctiva, mildly hazy cornea and miotic pupils. What are you concerned for?
UV Keratitis
What might be noticed on fluorescein stain on the eye of a pt with UV keratitis?
Superficial punctuate staining of the cornea
What is the management for UV keratitis?
Supportive (resolves in 24-72 hrs)
Oral analgesics for severe pain (mild oral opioid, lubricant abx ointment)
After dx of UV keratitis, how soon should a pt f/u to check for improvement?
1-2 days
What condition is defined as unilateral, periorbital edema with erythema, warmth, and tenderness?
Preseptal and orbital cellulitis
What condition may be a complication of sinusitis, extension of infection from adjacent structure, or local disruption of the skin?
Preseptal and orbital cellulitis
What are the most common pathogens that result in preseptal and orbital cellulitis?
S. pneumo, S. aureus, S. pyrogenes, H. flu
Is preseptal or orbital cellulitis a true emergency?
Orbital
Pt presents with swelling of eyelids and upper cheek. Are you concerned for preseptal or orbital cellulitis?
Preseptal (involves tissues anterior to orbital septum)
Pt presents with vision loss, impaired EOMs, diplopia, and proptosis. What ophthalmalogic emergency are you concerned for?
Orbital cellulitis (involves structures deep to the orbital septum)
How is preseptal and orbital cellulitis diagnosed?
CT scan of the orbits and sinuses with contrast
In which type of cellulitis (preseptal or orbital) is it more common to have the following sxs?
Eye pain/ tenderness, pain w/ eye movements, proptosis, ophthalmoplegia, vision impairment, chemosis, fever, leukocytosis?
Orbital
What is the tx for preseptal cellulitis if mild infection or no systemic sxs?
Discharge home with oral abx, f/u with ophthalmologist w/i 24-48 hrs
What is the tx for orbital cellulitis or preseptal cellulitis with any concerning factors?
Admit to hospital, IV abx, consult ophthalmology and ENT
What results from eye trauma, foreign bodies or improper contact lens use?
Corneal abrasian and ulceration
What is defined as any defect of the corneal surface epithelium (thin protective coating of anterior eye surface)?
Corneal abrasion
What is defined as a break in the epithelium exposing the underlying corneal stroma?
Corneal ulceration
What are the sxs of a corneal abrasion and ulceration?
Severe eye pain and foreign body sensation
What can corneal abrasion and ulceration lead to?
Impaired vision secondary to scarring
If suspicion of corneal abrasion or ulceration, when is the penlight exam performed?
Prior to fluorescein stain application
(should also perform visual acuity, EOMs, fundoscopic)
What will be noted on fluorescein exam of a pt with suspected corneal abrasion or ulceration?
Basement membrane exposed in areas of epithelial defect
How can visualization of a corneal abrasion or ulceration be enhanced?
Cobalt blue filter/ Wood’s lamp
What is the treatment for corneal abrasion?
Topical lubricants and topical abx +/- oral pain meds
(erythromycin ointment, sulfacetamide 10%, polymyxin/ trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin drops QID x 5 days)
What should be avoided if suspicion of corneal abrasion?
Topical anesthetic/ steroid, patching
When should you refer for an urgent ophthalmology consult for a pt with a corneal abrasion or ulcertaion? (4)
- Penetrating/ significant blunt trauma (large, nonreactive/ irregular pupil)
- Impaired visual acuity
- Ulceration
- Contact lens wearer
What is the protocol for a contact lens wearer with corneal abrasion?
Ophthalmology ASAP to r/o infiltrate/ opacity, daily f/u to r/o infiltrate/ ulcer until healed
A lid laceration that is horizontal and follows skin lines would likely be classified as what?
Superficial/ uncomplicated
Uncomplicated lid laceration affecting < 25% indicated what management?
Heal by secondary intention
(clean, apply abx ointment, consider surgical tape/ adhesives)
Uncomplicated lid laceration affecting > 25% indicates what management?
Repair w/ 6-0 fast absorbable plain gut suture
(simple interrupted/ running if w/i 24 hrs, if non-absorbable suture used- remove in 5-7 days)
What is the protocol for lid lacerations if:
Full thickness, w/ orbital fat prolapse, through lid margin, through tear drainage system, orbital injury, foreign body, or poor alignment?
Refer to ophthalmologist or surgeon
You should keep a high threshold for suspicion of what for all full thickness lid lacerations?
Penetrating injury to globe
What are the significant findings a/w an orbital floor fracture (aka “blowout” fracture)? (4)
Entrapment of inferior rectus muscle, enopthalmos (if post globe displacement), orbital dystopia (eye is lower), injury to infraorbital nerve secondary to fracture
Untreated entrapment of the inferior rectus muscle (as seen with orbital floor fracture) can result in what?
Ischemia and subsequent loss of muscle function
Orbital floor fracture w/ decreased sensation to cheek, upper lip, and upper gingiva would indicate what finding?
Injury to infraorbital nerve
What diagnostic study is used for an orbital floor fracture?
(if evidence of fracture on exam, limitation of EOM, decreased visual acuity, severe pain, inadequate exam due to swelling/ AMS)
Thin cut coronal CT
What is the management for orbital floor fracture? (5)
- Surgical eval
- Prophylactic abx
- Cold packs (first 48 hrs)
- Raise head of bed
- Avoid blowing nose/ sniffing
Open globe rupture often occurs following what?
Blunt eye injury
What should be avoided on PE if suspicion of open globe rupture?
Avoid pressure to eyeball
What diagnostic study is used for an open globe rupture?
Axial and coronal CT of the eye without contrast
What is the management for open globe rupture?
Transfer to tertiary trauma center, emergent ophthalmology consult, avoid manipulation , meds
(also eye shield, bed rest, NPO, no solutions in eye)
What meds are used in the treatment of an open globe rupture?
Abx, IV antiemetics, pain meds, sedation prn
What is defined as an inflammatory, demyelinating condition that causes acute, monocular vision loss and has a high associated with MS?
Optic neuritis
Pt presents with vision loss (hrs- days), eye pain worse w/ eye movement, afferent pupillary defect, and dyschromatopsia. What are you concerned about?
Optic neuritis
What is the treatment for optic neuritis?
Corticosteroids (IV methylprednisone)
(NOT oral prednisone- no effect on visual outcomes and may increase recurrence risk)
What is defined as narrowing or closure of the anterior chamber anlge leading to elevated IOP and damage to the optic nerve?
Acute angle closure glaucoma
What is normal IOP? What is IOP in closed angle glaucoma?
N = 8-21 mmHg
Closed angle glaucoma = > 30 mmHg