1. Ed organisations

Question 1

Relationship between budget and results

Legacies, 2002

Answer 1

Academic research has not confirmed that extra spending, more resources and smaller class sizes produces better results. 
Even though most believe this.

Question 2

Outputs and outcomes

Answer 2

Outputs - Learning achieved by students at particular stages

Outcomes - longer term effects of education on individuals and so society

Question 3

Three elements in input-outcome model

Open system

Answer 3

1 External environment - from which the school derives its raw material of students

2. Processes - that take place within th organisation
3. Human relations system - forms a bridge between the external environment and the organisation

Question 4

(Natural Systems perspective

Answer 4

Collegial
Political
Ambiguity

Natural Systems perspective - focuses on the system as a social unit and not just aims and objectives as rational system does.
Organisation is seen to exist to satisfy members.
Effectiveness is judged in its ability to satisfy these needs)

Question 5

Rational Perspective

Answer 5

Aims and objectives
Formal structures
Rational decision making

Effectiveness measured by meeting aims and objectives

Question 6

Open system perspective

Answer 6

Organisation is dependent for its functioning on the external environment

Organisation exists to satisfy its external stakeholders and own members

Goals are set by external agents

Involves taking inputs from external environment and releasing outputs back to it.

Consistent with rational and natural perspectives

Effectiveness is judged by ability to respond to changes in external environment and also meet the needs of the organisation.

Question 7

Butler (1991)

Open systems model

Answer 7

The organisation as a system which transforms imputs taken from the external environment into learning outcomes which are delivere back to the environment

Inflow of resources

• school budget and grants from the state
• donates financial and real resources
• student fees

External environment made up of

• economic
• political
• social
• technological influences
• task environment

Task environment
- relates to the specific purposes to which its stakeholders wish the organisation to serve

Question 8

Financial and resource management (Butler model) is made up of 4 key processes

Answer 8

1. Obtaining resources (marketing in the widest sense)
2. Allocating resources (planning and budget-setting)
3. using resources (the implementation phase)
4. Evaluating the past use of resources and feedback info for future decision-making

Leads to discussion of why model may not always be helpful for the FRM decision
makers

and move to a conceptual response
- relationship between the centralised and decentralised model, between
private and public funding, between authoritative and shared decision making
and between stakeholder and organisational power.

Question 9

Obtaining resources

Answer 9

Resources enter initially as money and then transferred into real resources ( staff, services, physics goods)

Donations - time from volunteers - JPG 
Grants - not from gov here
Voluntary donations - VR equipment 
Fees - exam fees, school fees, music fees 
Renting premises 
Debentures

Question 10

Allocating Resources

Answer 10

How resources are deployed

Budget setting process - transferring financial resources into real resources

Financial allocation decisions and real resource allocation decisions are often not coupled.

Strategic and development plans need to tie into financial plans

The link between resource quantities and learning outcome is crucial for decision making and effectively deploying resources

Question 11

Using resources

Answer 11

Resources fall into two main categories
1. Those to provide support services (building, admin) intermediate outputs that are inputs into T&L. Which then produce learning outcomes. INDIRECT COSTS

2. Those for operational core T&L
   DIRECT COSTS

Question 12

Evaluating

Answer 12

1. Effectiveness
2. Efficiency
3. Equity
4. Value for money

Question 13

Rational

Answer 13

Resources are allocated according to plans at every level in the school

The organisation has clear aims and goals
Formal structures
Rational decision making

In this example effectiveness is measured in how well aims and objectives have been achieved.

Question 14

Collegial

Natural systems perspective

Answer 14

(Natural Systems perspective - focuses on the system as a social unit and not just aims and objectives as rational system does.
Organisation is seen to exist to satisfy members.
Effectiveness is judged in its ability to satisfy these needs)

Resources are allocated determined by discussion and consensus. And resolution of conflict.

Question 15

Political

Answer 15

(Natural Systems perspective - focuses on the system as a social unit and not just aims and objectives as rational system does.
Organisation is seen to exist to satisfy members.
Effectiveness is judged in its ability to satisfy these needs)

Resources allocated dependent upon the strength and micropolitical play of pressure groups

Question 16

Ambiguity models

Answer 16

(Natural Systems perspective - focuses on the system as a social unit and not just aims and objectives as rational system does.
Organisation is seen to exist to satisfy members.
Effectiveness is judged in its ability to satisfy these needs)

Models exist side-by-side and Allocation is at best pragmatic and that was chaotic.

(Collegial, rational and political)