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Oral Micro #1 > #1 Ecology of the mouth > Flashcards

#1 Ecology of the mouth Flashcards

1
Q

new and old ways of detecting a bacterial species

A

old: microscopy and cultivationnew: 16S sequencing, rDNA gene alignments, and phylogenic trees

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2
Q

how many species are in the oral cavity?

A

300+ and more than half have not been cultivated

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3
Q

how many species does a single human harbor in their mouth?

A

100-200

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4
Q

the mouth is an ____ system

A

opentransient vs true residents in the cavity that grow

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5
Q

-determine whether ppl share a core micro biome-understanding if changes in micro biome are correlated with changes in human health-new technology-addressing ethics, legal, and social aspects made by research

A

human micro biome project

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6
Q

which do we have more of…. human cells or bacteria

A

bacteria

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7
Q

what has more DNA variety… human cells or bacteria

A

bacteria

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8
Q

how is it thought that we get our human oral micro biome?

A

degree of early contact-hygiene hypothesis-dont kiss babies or will speed S. mutans…

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9
Q

study of the interrelationships of organisms and their environment

A

ecology

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10
Q

specific combo of conditions that are necessary for the survival of a particular organism

A

niche(parameters are physical, chemical, and biological)(different oral sites harbor different bacterial species)

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11
Q

do niches change over time?

A

yes-organisms are acquired-teeth erupt/lost-pockets/injuries occur

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12
Q

biofilm thickness ____ over time if its surfaces are cleaned, ______ occurs

A

-increased-succesion

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13
Q

soft tissue surfaces which bacteria adhere to

A

sulcus, tongue, mucosa, gingiva

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14
Q

hard suffices that bacteria adhere to

A

“dental plaque”-supra- and sub gingival hard surfaces

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15
Q

bacteria that float in water

A

planktonic (most bacteria in the mouth ARE NOT this bc they would be swallowed)

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16
Q

many of the bacteria that cause dental problems are ____

A

sessile (attached to surface in biofilms)

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17
Q

biofilms are made up of what?

A

-adherent microorganisms-extracellular matrix in aqueous environment

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18
Q

sticky material that holds the biofilm together

A

extracellular matrix

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19
Q

biofilm life cycle

A

-attachement-growth to mature biofilm community-detachment of cells to seed new biofilm formation

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20
Q

biofilms are often formed by single/multiple species of bactera

A

multiplemay also be fungi, algae, and protazoa

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21
Q

once bacteria adhere to a surface, they _____

A

change

22
Q

biofilm bacteria behavior is much more _____ than suspended cell behavior bc they live in _____ ____

A

-complex-interactive communities (turn on different set of genes)

23
Q

when are three cases when biofilm-adaptive genes are turned on?

A

-bacteria detect surfaces-bacteria detect each other (quorum sensing)-signals pass btw them

24
Q

biofilms are stage, ___-growing communitites that are highly resistant to ______, _____ and ______

A

-slow-antibiotics-host defenses-mechanical disruption

25
Q

antibiotic doses that kill suspended cells need to be inc as much as ______ to kill biofilm

A

1000X

26
Q

3 primary mechanisms for bioflim antimicrobial resistance

A

-slowing of diffusion-“persister cells” that repopulate biofilm-close proximity and exchange of resistance genes

27
Q

does prevention of oral bioflims have an effect on preventing invasive species?

A

yes

28
Q

host sites for adherance

A

-host surfaces (receptor molecules)-direct bacterial interactions-extracellular matrix

29
Q

promotes adherence by providing binding sites or inhibits by agglutinating and clearing antibodies and other similar things

A

salivary binding

30
Q

what are the O2 %’s in :-air-closed mouth-perio pocket-supragingival plaque

A

air: 21%closed mouth: 12-14%perio pocket: 1-2%supragingival plaque: 1-20% (depends on plaque age)

31
Q

electric potetial or tendency to oxidize or reduce (oxygen level)

A

oxidation-reduction potential (Eh)-positive Eh aerobes (high O2)-negative Eh anaerobes (low O2)

32
Q

require low levels of O2

A

microaerophilic

33
Q

have anaerobic metabolism but tolerate the presence of O2

A

aerotolerant anaerobes

34
Q

results in oxidation of membrane lipids and destruction of cells integrity and causes oxidation of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes resulting in cross-linking and inactivity

A

oxygen toxicity

35
Q

the sensitivity of anaerobes to oxygen is due to the GENETIC inability to make enzymes such as ___, ____, and ____

A

-superoxidase dismutase-catalse-peroxidases(in their absence, oxygen can damage the cells)

36
Q

superoxide dismutase, catalse, and peroxidase do what?

A

detoxify O2 radicals that are generated by living systems in the presence of )2

37
Q

older plaque has a higher/lower Eh

A

lower

38
Q

this bacteria scavenges O2 and help to provide and anaerobic environment for other species

A

fusobacterium

39
Q

negative log of the hydrogen concentration

A

pH

40
Q

how to affect pH: directly or indirectly

A

directly: carbonated soft drinkindirectly: bacterial fermentation of sugars)

41
Q

pH normally ranges from what to what?

A

5-7.5

42
Q

low pH inhibits most oral species except for what?

A

acid tolerant (acid uric) strep and lactobacilli

43
Q

exogenous (injested) nutrient sources are important for ____ species

A

supra gingival species(frequency is important)-low molecular weight, soluble carbs and amino acids readily taken up by bacteria-starches and proteins must be retained for bacterial digestion to occur

44
Q

two nutrient sources for biofilms in the oral cavity

A

-exogenous (injested)-endogenous (saliva, shed host cells, GCF)

45
Q

endogenous nutrients sufficient for _____ but not for _____ (why)

A

-plaque-caries*bc you need carbs to have caries

46
Q

what are the three host inhibitory factors?

A

-antibodies-innate immunity-saliva

47
Q

what are the two antibodies associated with host inhibitory factors

A

-sIgA (in saliva, prevents adhesion)IgA (in GCF, stops invasion of soft tissues)

48
Q

most salivary proteins are what two things?

A

-alpha amylase (digests starches and binds bacteria)-mucins (lubricants)

49
Q

what are some of the salivary defenses (minor proteins)

A

-salivary lysozyme-salivary lactoferin and transferin-sialoperoxidase system-antimicrobial peptides-acidic proline

50
Q

produced by metabolism of sugars by streps and is required by Veillonella

A

lactic acid

51
Q

carbon dioxide is generated by a number of organisms and does what?

A

ENHANCES THE GROWTH of AA

52
Q

what are two examples of microbial inhibitory factors

A

-bacteriocins-colonizaiton resistance (established organism occupies the niche preventing new strains)

Oral Micro #1 (12 decks)

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