1 DL QUIZLET CARDS Flashcards
FOUR FORCES
Four Forces
Lift, Weight, Thrust, and Drag
DIFFERENCES IN TYPES OF FOG
Describe the different types of fog
Radiation Fog: Results when cooling of earth’s surface reduce air near the ground to its dew point on clear, calm nights
Steam Fog: Formed when cold air moves over relatively warm water or ground
Advection Fog: Formed when warm, humid air flows over cool ground water
Upslope Fog: Formed when humid air flows uphill and is adiabatically cooled to its dew point
Ice Fog: Composed of minute suspended particles of ice. Usually occurs at very low temps
Precipitation Fog: Forms when precip falls into cold air
TCAS
What is TCAS?
Traffic Collision Avoidance System
TCAS I: Provided advisories only
TCAS II: Provides advisories and altitude resolutions
One hour from your destination a warm front passes through. It has begun raining and visibility is barely
above mins. What can you expect the weather to be at your arrival time?
You can expect worse wx (Warm front=decreasing vis/showery precip, Cold front=improving vis)
If you are landing behind a heavy jet with minimum spacing on rwy 18 (12000ft long) with winds 090/6, what is the most appropriate action?
Land beyond his touch down point
When do engine compressor stalls usually occur?
High AOA and high power settings
If the temperature is 58 F and the dew point is 55 F, what could happen?
If the temperature falls fog may form
Cruising along you experience a total AC failure but you are able to get one generator back on line. How
do you know how much power the generator is creating?
The kilowatts meter
On takeoff, ATC instructs you to turn immediately to a designated heading, when do you turn (AIM 4-4-9)?
The term immediately in a clearance or instruction implies urgency of an imminent situation and expeditious compliance by the pilot is expected and necessary for safety
If you are shooting an approach to a narrow runway, what is a common tendency?
Flare late due to image that you are higher than normal
What are the differences between Visual and Contact Approach?(AIM 5-4-20)
Visual Approach
Conducted on an IFR clearance
Reported wx at airport must be greater than 1000-3
Must have preceding aircraft or airport in sight
Contact Approach
Pilot must request contact approach
Must be able to operate with 1 mile vis and clear of clouds
Airport must have a standard or special instrument approach
With a Pt2 probe iced over, what indications will you get?
A falsely high EPR
How is engine oil cooled on most jets?
Fuel heat transfer
How does turbulence effect stall speed?
Increases stall speed due to an increase in load factor
Describe the difference between a slip and a skid
Slip: Turn without enough rudder
Skid: Turn with too much rudder
What are the mins for ILS Cat I, Cat II, and Cat III? (AIM 1-1-9)
Cat I: DH of 200 ft and RVR of 2400 (1800 w/ TDZ lighting and centerline lighting)
Cat II: DH of 100 ft and RVR of 1200
Cat IIIa: No DH or DH less than 100 ft and RVR not less than 700
What does a decrease in air density cause?
Decrease in air density yields a decrease in drag and lift due to less air particles in the body of air
What is the higher TAS?
(a) 250 KCAS @ FL370 & -40 C
(b) 260 KCAS @ FL300 & -30C
(c) 350 KTAS @ 10000’
(d) 350 KTAS at FL200 & -20C?
(a) 250+(.0237)250= 435 KTAS
(b) 260+(.0230)260=416 KTAS
Therefore 435 KTAS is the highest
Your DME is inoperative. You turn 90 degrees to the station and time for 1 min. The needle falls from degrees above to 5 degrees below (10 radials). If you are going 480 KTAS, what is your distance from the
station?
480 KTAS= 8 NM/min so you have traveled 8 NM
8 NM/10 radials* 60= 48 DME from the station
You are 90 DME at FL 300 inbound to the VOR. You are requested to cross the station at 3000 ft. If you are at .6 Mach, when do you start down and what is your pitch change?
Gradient = (300-30)/90= 3 VVI= 3(6 NM/min100)= 1800 fpm
One aircraft departs ATL at .7 Mach, a second aircraft departs ATL 30 minutes later at .8 Mach. When will the second plane catch the first?
In 30 minutes, the first plane travels 210 NM
If the second plane is flying 1 NM/min faster than the first, it will require 210 minutes to catch it
Holding NE of 020R at 40 DME fix, 20 DME legs, at out bound turn, what should the tail of the bearing pointer read (no wind at 6000 ft)?
??
If you are at FL 370 descending to FL 200 at 2500 fpm, how long will it take?
(37000-20000)* x min/2500 ft
17000/2500= 6.8 minutes
At FL260 and 40 DME you are requested to be at 6000 ft at 20 DME, what pitch change is needed?
Descent Gradient= (260-60)/(40-20)= 200/20= 10 degrees pitch
At .6M, what is the VVI for a 1 degree descent?
.6 Mach = 6 NM/min
1 degree = 6 NM/min*100= 600 fpm
Inbound to the VOR heading 180 at 300 KTAS. You want to intercept the 20 DME arc. What is your lead
point?
TR= (NM/min)-2 =(300/60)-2= 3
Lead point = 20 +3= 23 DME
What is radius of turn a function of?
Velocity and load factor
This would limit maximum turn rate or minimum turn radius, however, the actual performance would still be determined using only airspeed and angle of bank.
Established on the 20 DME arc, you want to turn onto the 120R. Your TAS is 300 KTAS, what is your
lead point?
Lead point = 60/DME * TR TR= (NM/min)-2 (60/20)[(300/60)-2]= (33)= 9 degrees Lead point = 120+9= 129 degrees I DID IT 300/60 = .5MPM - 2 = 3 20DME = 3 RADIALS (60=1 30=2 20=3 REMEMBER) 3 X 3 = 9 120 + 9 = 129
On the 10 DME arc you need a 2 NM lead point, how many radials is that?
= 12 RADIALS At 10 DME there are 6 radials/NM therefore 12 radials I DID IT REMEMBER 10DME = 6 RADIALS 20DME = 3 RADIAL 60DME = 1 RADIAL SO 6 RADIALS X 2NM LEAD = 12
AT 20 DME, how many radial are there per NM?
At 60 DME,
20 DME there is 3 radials/NM
1 radial/NM therefore at
At FL270 and .75M and 25 DME, what descent gradient and VVI is needed to be at 12,000 ft over the VOR?
Descent Gradient= (270-120)/25NM= 150/25= 6
.75 Mach= 7.5 NM/min
Therefore: VVI= 6(7.5100)= 4500 fpm
MOCA
Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude: IFR obstruction clearance altitude that provides 1000’ obstacle clearance (2000’ in mountains) w/in 4 NM of route segment but navaid reception only w/in 22 NM of VOR
MEA
Define MEA,
Minimum Enroute Altitude: IFR obstruction clearance altitude that provides 1000’ obstacle clearance (2000’ in mountains) w/in 4 NM of route segment and navaid reception along the
entire route
NO COMM GUARANTEED
MVA
Minimum Vectoring Altitude: Established for use by ATC when radar is exercised. Provides 1000’ obstacle clearance (2000’ in mountains) w/in 3 NM of the obstruction in the sector
ONLY 3
MSA
Define MSA,
Minimum Safe/Sector Altitude: Published on IAPs based on primary omnidirectional facility for approach. Expressed in feet above msl and normally have a 25NM radius (may be expanded to 30 NM). May be sectored into as many as four quadrants no less than 90 degrees in spread. MSA provides 1000 ft obstacle clearance over all obstructions but may not assure navaid reception.
DOESN’T SAY ANYTHING ABOUT 2,000 IN MTN.
VISUAL APPROACH
CONTACT APPROACH
What are the differences between Visual and Contact Approach?(AIM 5-4-20)
Visual Approach
Conducted on an IFR clearance
Reported wx at airport must be greater than 1000-3
Must have preceding aircraft or airport in sight
Contact Approach
Pilot must request contact approach
Must be able to operate with 1 mile vis and clear of clouds
Airport must have a standard or special instrument approach
THAT IS WHY WE DON’T DO THEM
CLEARED APPROACH
What does Cleared the Approach mean?(AIM 5-4-7)
Indicates that the pilot may execute any one of the authorized IAPs for that airport. This does not constitute approval to execute a contact or visual approach
WHEN DO YOU NOT DO A PROCEDURE TURN.
When do you not do a Procedure Turn?(AIM 5-4-8) Flying a straight-in (NoPT routing) Radar Vectoring Conducting a timed approach Holding pattern in lieu of PT PT not authorized
WHEN IS ALTERNATE REQUIRED?
DOMESTICE
FLAG OPERATIONS
When is an alternate required? (FAR 121.619-121.621)
Domestic Operations no alternate is required if:
+/- 1 hr eta destination wx is better than 2000ft and 3 miles vis
Flag Operations no alternate required (no more than 6 hr flight) if:
+/- 1 hr eta destination wx is
at least 1500 above circling mda if circling approach is to be used
at least 1500 ft above lowest suitable mins or 2000 ft (which ever is greater and at least 2 miles vis
above lowest suitable mins or 3 miles vis (which ever is greater)
FUEL REQUIREMENTS
DOMESTIC
FLAG
What are the fuel requirements for Flag and Domestic ops?
Domestic: No person may dispatch an airplane unless there is sufficient fuel to fly to
Destination
Most distant alternate
45 minutes at normal cruise
Flag: No person may dispatch an airplane unless there is sufficient fuel to fly to
Destination
Ten percent of the cruise time
Most distant alternate
30 minutes holding at 1500 ft above alternate airport
T/O ALTERNATE
What qualifies as a departure alternate?(FAR 121.617)
Aircraft having 2 engines: Not more than one hour away with one engine inoperative at normal cruise in still air
Aircraft having 3 or more engines: Not more than two hours away with one engine
inoperative at normal cruise in still air
STANDARD T/O MIN?
What are the standard takeoff minimums? (FAR 91.175)
Unless authorized by the administrator, no pilot operating under Parts 121, 125, 127, 129, or 135 may depart an airfield when the wx is less than the IFR departure mins for that airfield as prescribed under Part 97.
In the absence of any departure mins then:
For aircraft with two engines or less- 1 sm visibility
For aircraft with three or more engines- 1/2 sm visibility
WHEN CAN YOU DESCEND BELOW MDA/DH
When can you descend below MDA/DH? (FAR 121.651)
Visibility equal to or greater than mins for the approach
Aircraft continuously in position to land at normal rate of descent within the touchdown zone
Runway environment in sight
Approach light system (**May not descend below 100 ft above TDZE using ALS unless red terminating bars or red side row bars are visible and identifiable)
Threshold, Threshold Markings, Threshold Lights
Runway End Identifier Lights (REILs)
Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASIs)
Touchdown Zone, Touchdown Markings, Touchdown Zone Lights
Runway, Runway Markings, Runway Lights
What is a mountain wave and where would you encounter it?(AIM 7-5-3)
aks
Mountain wave occurs when air is blown over a mountain range or ridge of a sharp bluff.
Generally requires winds of 30 knots or greater but may occur with winds as little as 15 knots.
Creates strong updrafts/downdrafts on lee side which cause turbulence potentially to 700 miles
downrange.
May form lenticular clouds over peaks
On a 3 degree glide slope with 700 fpm descent, headwinds increase, what would you do?
Reduce rate of descent and add power
What would cause an airplane to hydroplane the most?
Underinflated tires (low tire pressure)
What factors would you consider in respect to hydroplaning?
Tire pressure, aircraft weight, type of touch down, and depth of standing water
Describe the three types of Hydroplaning:
DYNAMIC: Tire rolls through water and creates a bow wave. The tires roll up on the bow wave and loses contact with the runway. This will occur at speeds greater than 9 times the square root of the tire pressure
VISCOUS: Thin film develops on top of smooth painted or rubber coated surfaces. This will occur at speed lower than dynamic hydroplaning
REVERTED RUBBER: Occurs when a locked wheel skids and heats up the water trapped between it and the runway due to friction. Tire will then ride along on a pocket of steam.
What airspeed is flown after flying an approach, missed approach, and climb out?
L/D max or max range
What airspeed is maintained during a divert?
Normal cruise speed
If you are on an ILS approach, how do you calculate your descent rate?
Multiply airspeed by 5: 150 KIAS= 750 VVI
If you are on an ILS approach, how do you calculate your descent rate?
Multiply airspeed by 5: 150 KIAS= 750 VVI
How do you convert Mach number to TAS?
Mach number is miles per minute. Multiply Mach by 6 to give you TAS. Add/Subtract HW/TW to give you GS
Example: Mach .7 with a 50 knot TW, what is you GS? TAS=420 so GS=470
How do you compute your descent point given an altitude to start and a DME to complete descent?
Apply 3*altitude to lose+DME= DME to start descent
Example: You are at FL 390 and must descend to 20,000 by 45 DME, where do you start
descent? (39-20)*3+45= 57+45= 102 DME
How do you compute VDP?
Timing: (FAF to MAP)-(HAT*10%)
Distance: HAT/300
What conditions cause the worse icing?
Temps between 0 and -15 degrees C
Areas of freezing rain
At standard sea level conditions, what is pressure and temp?
1013.2 millibars or 29.92 inches of Hg
15 degrees C or 59 degrees F
What shows up better on radar, snow, hail, sleet, or rain?
Rain
Radar depiction problems:
1 degree of radar at 1 NM = 100 ft of elevation
Example: You are flying at 20,000 ft with a thunderstorm 20 NM in front of you. The radar
look up angle is 5 degrees, how high is the storm? (510020)+20,000=30,000’
What is the best way to determine if you have a frontal passage?
Shift in the winds (cold front passage winds shift from SW to NW and a warm front passage winds shift from SE to SW)
What are the dynamics of a Low Pressure System?
Unstable air, cyclonic (counter clockwise) air flow
In the event that you encounter wind shear, what do you do?
Apply maximum power, increase pitch angle to the stick shaker, and hold until the wind shear is dissipated
You are headed 120 magnetic on a track of 090 and there is a thunderstorm on your nose. Which way do you go?
You are crabbing to the right so the winds are out of the south.
You want to pass the
thunderstorm on the upwind side so you deviate to the south
How would you attempt to deviate around a thunderstorm?
Pass it by at least 20 NM on the upwind side
You may go over it by 1000’ for every 10 knots of wind at the top
What is the standard temperature lapse rate?
3.5 degrees F/1000’ or 2 degrees C/1000’
What is mach tuck?
As an aircraft approaches the speed of sound its wing center of pressure moves aft. As it moves aft, it creates a pitch down moment which there by increases airspeed and worsens situation
What is an advantage/disadvantage of a swept wing aircraft?
Advantage: Increased Mcrit
Disadvantage: Dutch roll tendency
What is the purpose of a vortex generator?
They delay boundary layer separation and prevent shock waves from forming over flight surfaces as airspeeds approach Mcrit
What two factors effect lift in a turn?
Airspeed and AOA
What two factors effect lift in a turn?
Airspeed and AOA
How is an aircraft effected when loaded to its aft CG?
Stalls at a lower IAS Cruises faster Increase in Vmc (due to decreased moment arm from rudder) Increased range Unstable along longitudinal axis
What effects stall speed?
IAS at which a stall occurs is effected by weight, load factor, and altitude
AOA remains the same
An increase in altitude (above 20K) will cause an increase in IAS due to compressibility and viscosity but it is negligible
TAS at which a stall occurs increase with altitude and temp
Accumulation of ice or frost and turbulence will increase stall speed
How does density altitude increase takeoff roll? (Compare Denver to Atlanta)
IAS remains the same
Increase in density altitude increases TAS which increases GS for takeoff speed
Decrease in engine thrust
A 1000 foot increase in density altitude increases take off roll by 7%
What effects landing distance more, weight or speed?
Aircraft speed has a greater effect on landing distance (a 10% increase in speed causes a 21% increase in landing distance where as a 2% increase in weight increases landing distance by 2%)
What is the relationship between AOA and TAS as altitude increases?
As altitude increases, TAS increases for a given IAS and AOA
TAS increases with an increase in altitude and increase in temp
What happens when you pull the fire handle?
Cuts off fuel by closing firewall fuel shutoff valve
Cuts off hydraulic fluid to any engine driven pumps
Closes any bleed air valves
Deactivates electrical generator on that engine
Arms the fire extinguisher
How are batteries effected when connected in series and parallel?
Series: Adds voltage but not amperage
Parallel: Adds amperage but not voltage
Where does the fire bottle spray the agent in the event of engine fire?
In the engine bay or compartment, not in the combustion section
When must you advise ATC when making speed adjustments?
10 KIAS or 5% of TAS whichever is greater
What factors effect V1 (Takeoff decision speed)?
Gross weight (increase in GW causes increase in V1)
Flap setting
Density Altitude (requires higher TAS)
Temperature (Hotter temps increases TAS)
Contamination (Slush or snow on runway will decrease V1)
Define V1, Vr, V2, and Vref: (FAR 1)
V1 Take off Decision Speed: The speed during takeoff which you can accelerate, experience a failure of the critical engine, and either continue the takeoff or come to a stop in the remaining runway and stopway
Vr Rotation Speed: Indicated airspeed at which the aircraft is rotated to its takeoff attitude with or without an engine failure
V2 Take off Safety Speed: Speed that ensures that the airplane can maintain acceptable climb gradient with the critical engine inop
Vref Reference Speed: Normally 1.3 Vso
Airspeed
True Airspeed: (TAS) TAS=Equivalent
Airspeed(EAS)
Ground Speed: Aircraft’s
actual speed of aircraft through the air.
corrected for density altitude
TAS +/- headwind/tailwind
Mach Number
Ratio of True Air Speed (TAS) to the speed of sound
As temp increases, the speed of sound increases
Subsonic:
0.5 Mach
Critical Mach: Mcrit
Point in which airflow over the wing first reaches, but does not exceed the speed of sound
Two types of Drag
Parasite Drag: Resistance of the air to the aircraft’s movement through it. Parasite drag increases with the square of its speed
Induced Drag: Byproduct of lift and is proportional to the angle of attack of the wing
What is the region of reverse command?
Area to the left of L/D max where a decrease in airspeed requires an increase in power tooffset the large increase in induced drag
AOA
Angle of Attack
Angle between relative wind and the chord line
