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Biophysics > 1)cybernetics > Flashcards

1)cybernetics Flashcards

1
Q

The object of cybernetics

A

Cybernetics is the study of control and connection in nature science and within society

Basic concepts 
Information theory 
Control theory 
Organisation (system theory) 
the study of systems in general and how it can be used with a variety of systems and in all fields of research
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2
Q

Organisation

A

Organisation is the formation of systems

Cybernetic system is one that has both structures and process that when combined produce a combined function

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3
Q

Cybernetic Systems

A

They interact with the environment and with other systems

Can be characterised using 3 types of functions
Component
Structure and connection
Transmitted signals

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4
Q

Types of systems by determinism

A

Deterministic is when component interact in a pre determined way and response is predictable

Probabilistic
Response can’t be predicted
Weather

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5
Q

Types of system by interacting with environment

A

Closed is when the components interact with only each other and not the environment

Open is when the component interacts with the environment aswell

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6
Q

Elements of interaction

A

The perception of signals using receptors such as eyes and ears

Transmission of signals to other systems using effectors such as organs of speech

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7
Q

Biological cybernetic systems properties

A

Characteristics:
Varying complexity
Probabilistic

Basic properties
Self regulating
Self organisation

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8
Q

Biological systems complexity

A

Very complex

Large number of components

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9
Q

Biological systems determinism

A

Probabilistic

Large number of components
Large number of connections between components
Strong external influences

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10
Q

Biological system organisation

A

High level components control the low level components

Low level can perform independently of the higher level

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11
Q

Information

A

Any set of related data

Any meaningful event that results in an outcome

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12
Q

Object of information theory

A

Study of information

Transmission
Processing
Measuring
Strong retaining

DRAWING BITCH

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13
Q

Messages, signals and channels

A

Message is the transmitted info
Signals the physical carrier of message
Channels is the medium In which the sing along propagates

Eg:
Sound wave propagates in air

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14
Q

Alphabet code

A

Alphabet is simple signals used to send any message

Encoding is generation of signal using alphabet that carries message

Recoding is altering alphabet

Decoding is extraction of message from signal

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15
Q

Isomorphism and noise

A

Isomorphic signals
Physically different but carry the same message

Noise
Communication system disturbance that modifies the signal

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16
Q

Storing and retaining information

A

Memory is the ability of a system to store and retain information and to recall it for use at a later time

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17
Q

Measuring information

A

Information I
I=log_2N

Unit of one measurement is the bit

DNA contains 4 bases

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18
Q

Control and regulation

A

Control is the actions effecting a system and aimed at reaching a specific goal

Regulation is the control for maintaining a specific state or process

19
Q

Programme and reference

A

Program is the set of rules used to control a system

Reference is the law describing how the system must behave

20
Q

Control system

A

controlling subsystem
Processes info, generates and sends control message

Controlled subsystem
Changes according to message received

Connections
Is the communication between controlling subsystems and controlled subsystems

21
Q

Open loop control

A

DRAWING

Sends control messages from the controlling to controlled

22
Q

Closed loop

A

DRAWING

Back coupling occurs
Sending messages from the controlled to controlling

23
Q

Closed loop control in then body

A

Receptors
Transform the stimulus into excitation

Effectors
Respond to command

Afferent
Back coupling

Efferent
Forward coupling

24
Q

Positive feedback

A

The control results in increased divergence of controlled substance

25
Q

Significance of positive feedback loops

A

Amplify vital process

Provide faster adaption to external factors

26
Q

Positive feedback

A

The control results in increased divergence of controlled substance

27
Q

Significance of positive feedback loops

A

Amplify vital process

Provide faster adaption to external factors

28
Q

Benifical positive feedback

A

Stimulate secretion of gastric juice

More productions of food digestion

29
Q

Detrimental positive feedback

A

Cardiac insufficiency

The capacity of heart to pump blood is reduced
Supply of blood to heart is reduced
Capacity of blood to pump blood is even more reduced

30
Q

Negative feedback

A

The control results in balancing of controlled substance

31
Q

Significance of negative feedback loops

A

Ensures stability of bodily functions
Resistance to external factors

Homeostasis of internal conditions

32
Q

Negative feedback examples

A

Body temp increases
Vasodilation occurs
Erector pili relaxes and hair lie flat
Swearing

Body temp is too low
Hair stands up
Vasiconstriction
Shivering

33
Q

Types of control and quality of control systems

A

DRAWING

STATIC AND DYNAMIC CONTROL

34
Q

Models and modelling

A

Model is a simplified physical or mathematical representation of a system

Modelling is the method of investigating a system using model

Mathematical
Physical
Biological

35
Q

Mathematical model

A

Uses maths and computer to produce info about studied system

36
Q

Physical model

A

Material object performing similarly to real system

Eg:
Electric circuits model process in nerve fibre

37
Q

Biological model

A

Lab animal used to represent specific conditions of the human body

Eg: investigation of drugs on animals

38
Q

Significance of negative feedback loops

A

Ensures stability of bodily functions
Resistance to external factors

Homeostasis of internal conditions

39
Q

Negative feedback examples

A

Body temp increases
Vasodilation occurs
Erector pili relaxes and hair lie flat
Swearing

Body temp is too low
Hair stands up
Vasiconstriction
Shivering

40
Q

Types of control and quality of control systems

A

DRAWING

STATIC AND DYNAMIC CONTROL

41
Q

Models and modelling

A

Model is a simplified physical or mathematical representation of a system

Modelling is the method of investigating a system using model

Mathematical
Physical
Biological

42
Q

Mathematical model

A

Uses maths and computer to produce info about studied system

43
Q

Physical model

A

Material object performing similarly to real system

Eg:
Electric circuits model process in nerve fibre

44
Q

Biological model

A

Lab animal used to represent specific conditions of the human body

Eg: investigation of drugs on animals

Biophysics (7 decks)

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