1)cybernetics Flashcards
The object of cybernetics
Cybernetics is the study of control and connection in nature science and within society
Basic concepts Information theory Control theory Organisation (system theory) the study of systems in general and how it can be used with a variety of systems and in all fields of research
Organisation
Organisation is the formation of systems
Cybernetic system is one that has both structures and process that when combined produce a combined function
Cybernetic Systems
They interact with the environment and with other systems
Can be characterised using 3 types of functions
Component
Structure and connection
Transmitted signals
Types of systems by determinism
Deterministic is when component interact in a pre determined way and response is predictable
Probabilistic
Response can’t be predicted
Weather
Types of system by interacting with environment
Closed is when the components interact with only each other and not the environment
Open is when the component interacts with the environment aswell
Elements of interaction
The perception of signals using receptors such as eyes and ears
Transmission of signals to other systems using effectors such as organs of speech
Biological cybernetic systems properties
Characteristics:
Varying complexity
Probabilistic
Basic properties
Self regulating
Self organisation
Biological systems complexity
Very complex
Large number of components
Biological systems determinism
Probabilistic
Large number of components
Large number of connections between components
Strong external influences
Biological system organisation
High level components control the low level components
Low level can perform independently of the higher level
Information
Any set of related data
Any meaningful event that results in an outcome
Object of information theory
Study of information
Transmission
Processing
Measuring
Strong retaining
DRAWING BITCH
Messages, signals and channels
Message is the transmitted info
Signals the physical carrier of message
Channels is the medium In which the sing along propagates
Eg:
Sound wave propagates in air
Alphabet code
Alphabet is simple signals used to send any message
Encoding is generation of signal using alphabet that carries message
Recoding is altering alphabet
Decoding is extraction of message from signal
Isomorphism and noise
Isomorphic signals
Physically different but carry the same message
Noise
Communication system disturbance that modifies the signal
Storing and retaining information
Memory is the ability of a system to store and retain information and to recall it for use at a later time
Measuring information
Information I
I=log_2N
Unit of one measurement is the bit
DNA contains 4 bases
Control and regulation
Control is the actions effecting a system and aimed at reaching a specific goal
Regulation is the control for maintaining a specific state or process
Programme and reference
Program is the set of rules used to control a system
Reference is the law describing how the system must behave
Control system
controlling subsystem
Processes info, generates and sends control message
Controlled subsystem
Changes according to message received
Connections
Is the communication between controlling subsystems and controlled subsystems
Open loop control
DRAWING
Sends control messages from the controlling to controlled
Closed loop
DRAWING
Back coupling occurs
Sending messages from the controlled to controlling
Closed loop control in then body
Receptors
Transform the stimulus into excitation
Effectors
Respond to command
Afferent
Back coupling
Efferent
Forward coupling
Positive feedback
The control results in increased divergence of controlled substance
Significance of positive feedback loops
Amplify vital process
Provide faster adaption to external factors
Positive feedback
The control results in increased divergence of controlled substance
Significance of positive feedback loops
Amplify vital process
Provide faster adaption to external factors
Benifical positive feedback
Stimulate secretion of gastric juice
More productions of food digestion
Detrimental positive feedback
Cardiac insufficiency
The capacity of heart to pump blood is reduced
Supply of blood to heart is reduced
Capacity of blood to pump blood is even more reduced
Negative feedback
The control results in balancing of controlled substance
Significance of negative feedback loops
Ensures stability of bodily functions
Resistance to external factors
Homeostasis of internal conditions
Negative feedback examples
Body temp increases
Vasodilation occurs
Erector pili relaxes and hair lie flat
Swearing
Body temp is too low
Hair stands up
Vasiconstriction
Shivering
Types of control and quality of control systems
DRAWING
STATIC AND DYNAMIC CONTROL
Models and modelling
Model is a simplified physical or mathematical representation of a system
Modelling is the method of investigating a system using model
Mathematical
Physical
Biological
Mathematical model
Uses maths and computer to produce info about studied system
Physical model
Material object performing similarly to real system
Eg:
Electric circuits model process in nerve fibre
Biological model
Lab animal used to represent specific conditions of the human body
Eg: investigation of drugs on animals
Significance of negative feedback loops
Ensures stability of bodily functions
Resistance to external factors
Homeostasis of internal conditions
Negative feedback examples
Body temp increases
Vasodilation occurs
Erector pili relaxes and hair lie flat
Swearing
Body temp is too low
Hair stands up
Vasiconstriction
Shivering
Types of control and quality of control systems
DRAWING
STATIC AND DYNAMIC CONTROL
Models and modelling
Model is a simplified physical or mathematical representation of a system
Modelling is the method of investigating a system using model
Mathematical
Physical
Biological
Mathematical model
Uses maths and computer to produce info about studied system
Physical model
Material object performing similarly to real system
Eg:
Electric circuits model process in nerve fibre
Biological model
Lab animal used to represent specific conditions of the human body
Eg: investigation of drugs on animals
