1- Ch 19: Evolution

Question 1

Define evolution

Answer 1

Processes transforming life on earth from ancestral form to todays form

Change in genetic composition of population from gen to gen

Question 2

1st to suggest that living things might change over time (give date too)

Answer 2

Anaximander (600 bc)

Question 3

Who disagreed with anaximander and give date

Answer 3

Plato (400 bc) aristotle (350 bc)

Question 4

Who sad this: “Essentialism”
— everything has a specific unchanging nature or essence that define what it really is
Specific “types”

Answer 4

Plato

Question 5

Whos work said to be “scara naturae”
And describe what it means

Answer 5

Aristotle
Organing life form based on similarities

Question 6

idea that organisms belong to fixed, unchanging “types” or categories, and variation within a species is seen as unimportant.

Answer 6

Typological thinking

Question 7

What is the century of when all existing types species had been created and fixed

Answer 7

17th-18th century

Question 8

Physician and botanist, who created taxonomic system

Answer 8

Carolus linnaeus (1707-1778)

Question 9

__ claimed that earth is centre of universe and everything spins around it

Answer 9

Ptolemy (2nd century)

Question 10

Who challenged ptolemaic view

Answer 10

Coppernicus and galileo

Question 11

Who calculated that creation must had occurred on oct 23 4004 BC

Answer 11

Archbishop james uusher (17th century)

Question 12

James hutton discovery

Answer 12

Collected fossils and recognized fossils embedded in rocks
Proposed gradualism: slow process can cause massive change

Question 13

What is uniformitarianism

Answer 13

Processes ongoing and occuring at same rate

Question 14

What is the study of fossils

Answer 14

Paleontology

Question 15

One of the first to suggest idea of biological evolution
- organism might change throughout time
- species change over time

Answer 15

Buffon

Question 16

What is buffon experiment called

Answer 16

Hot balls of iron experiment - determine earth age

Question 17

Whos idea is catastrophism “ and that 1st to confirm extinction

Answer 17

Cuvier

Question 18

Who 1st proposed mechanism of evolution and invented the word invertebrate word
—what was his idea

Answer 18

Lamarch, as parents struggle to exist, they developed characteristics and passed those secured characteristic’s to off spring (led to new species_

Question 19

Whose idea is that population limits

show how competition for limited resources shapes survival and evolution.

Answer 19

Malthus

Question 20

Who discovered inheritance

Answer 20

Mendel

Question 21

Whos idea is evolution and natural selection

Answer 21

Wallace

Question 22

Name 2 geological obesrvation of charles Darwin and his date range

Answer 22

1809-1882
1. Coral atolls + volcanic islands
2. Marine fossils @ high elevation

Question 23

Biological observation of charles darwin

Answer 23

SA plants and animals were diff from european
Temperate = tropical organisms of south africa

Question 24

What does endemic island mean

Answer 24

Island with species that is not found anywhere else

Question 25

Who is the captain of darwins ship and one of the 1st meteorlogist

Answer 25

Captain robert fitzroy

Question 26

Who invented storm glass and weather forecast

Answer 26

Captain robert fitzroy

Question 27

A type of island with endemic species

Answer 27

Galapago island

Question 28

Showed how animals can change over generations to survive in different conditions.

Answer 28

Darwins finches

Question 29

Who independently discovered the theory of evolution by natural selection, around the same time as Charles Darwin. And give date and example

Answer 29

Alfred russell wallace, 1848 + 1854 — wallaces line

Question 30

Who independently discovered the theory of evolution by natural selection, around the same time as Charles Darwin. And give date and example

Answer 30

Alfred russell wallace, 1848 + 1854 — wallaces line

Question 31

2 ideas of darwins evolutionary theory

Answer 31

1. Evolution = lifes unity + diversity • change of life over time 2. Natural Selection = cause of adaptive evolution • organisms & environment

Question 32

Describe descent with modification

Answer 32

Living things pass on traits to offspring which give rise to new species

Question 33

In tree of life what does branch tips and branch point represent

Answer 33

Branch tip - diversity Branch point - common ancestors

Question 34

Who gave species a definition and what date

Answer 34

Ernst mayr (1904-2005)

Question 35

2 observation of ernst mayr

Answer 35

1. No indiv look exactly alike (members vary in inherited traits) 2. All species can produce more offspring than env can support (many die)

Question 36

2 ideas of ernst mayr

Answer 36

1. Indiv w inherited traits give higher surviving chances and reproducing will leave more offspring New species can form when groups of the same species get separated (like by a river or mountain) and can’t mate with each other anymore.

Question 37

Artificial selection meaning

Answer 37

when humans choose which plants or animals to breed based on desirable traits.

Question 38

Name 4 types of evidence of darwins natural selection

Answer 38

1. Direction of observation of evolution 2. Homology 3. Fossil record 4. Biogeography

Question 39

How did direct observation of evolution contribute to charles darwin

Answer 39

Observing species changing in real time 1. Bacteria evolving resistance to antibiotics 2. Changes in beaks of finches

Question 40

How does homology contribute to charles darwin idea

Answer 40

Homology structure (similar body parts in different species) suggest that these species share common ancestor - how similar features evolve in different environment

Question 41

How doe fossil record contribute to charles darwin idea

Answer 41

It shows how species changed millions of years ago, showing the change through natural selection

Question 42

How does biogeography contribute to charles darwin idea

Answer 42

It shows how species are distributed around the world and how species in similar environments evolved simiilar traits even if not related

Question 43

The process by which organism with traits that help them survive and reproduce in their environment are more likely to pass those traits to next gen

Answer 43

Natural selection

Question 44

Homology meaning

Answer 44

Shared traits bw organisms bc they share common ancestor

Question 45

Analogy meaning

Answer 45

Similarity w/o common ancestry for similar function

Question 46

Diference bw comparative analogy and comparative anatomy

Answer 46

Comparative anatomy: similarities from common ancestry — similar structure but serve different function (forelimbs of humans and whales) Comparative analogy: similarities in function from independent evolution (wings of birds and insect- flying but came from diff evolutionary origins)

Question 47

A body part or organ that has lost its original function but still present in organism (leftovers from ancestors)

Answer 47

Vestigial structure (appendix of human or wings of ostriches)

Question 48

Describe comparative embryology

Answer 48

Study of how embryos (early stages of development) of different species look and develop in the early stages, the embryos of humans, chickens, and fish all look very similar, with features like gill slits and tails. This suggests that these species share a common ancestor.

Question 49

Analogous vs homology structure

Answer 49

Homologous (same origin) = same structure diff function (from common ancestor) Analogous (same job) = diff structure, same function (evolved separately)

Question 50

Catastrophism was cuvier attempt to explain the occurence of

Answer 50

Extinction

Question 51

similar body due to similar lifestyle + selection pressure due to environment is __

Answer 51

Convergent evolution