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Year 2 MCD Cancer > 1: Cellular Pathology of Cancer > Flashcards

1: Cellular Pathology of Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Metaplasia?

A

Reversible chane in a tissue where one type of adult cells is replaced with another adult cell type

  • usually epithelium
  • can be physiological, is normally functionla (e.g. reflux)
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2
Q

What is Dysplasia?

A

an abnormal pattern of growth in which some of the cellular and architectural features of malignancy are present

•pre-invasive stage with intact basement membrane

–> no invasion meaning good chances if revmoved!

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3
Q

What is a Neoplasm?

A

An abnormal, autonomous proliferation of cells unresponsive to normal growth control mechanisms

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4
Q

What is a Tumor?

A

A neoplasm that forms a mass

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5
Q

What are the characteristical changes in dysplasia?

A
  • loss of architectural orientation
  • loss in uniformity of individual cells
  • nuclei: hyperchromatic, enlarged –> increased nucleus: cytoplasm ratio
  • mitotic figures: abundant, abnormal, in placeswhere not usually found
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6
Q

What are the characteristics of a benign tumor?

A
  • Non-invasive
    • ​not into other tissues
    • no metastisis
  • usually well-differentiated –> characteristics of tissue of origin
  • encapsuled
  • slow growing
  • normal mitosis
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7
Q

What are the cases in which a benign tumor can be fatal?

A
  1. When it sits at the wron spot
    1. brain, meningines, pituitary
  2. When it secretes something dangerous
    1. insulinoma
    2. pituitary adenoma
  3. gets infected
  4. bleeds or ruptures
  5. causes torsion of organs (e.g. ovaria cyst)
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of a malignant

A
  1. invade surrounding tissues
  2. spread to distant sites
  3. no capsule
  4. well to poorly differentiated –> can’t see characteristics of tissue of origin
  5. rapidly growing
  6. abnormal mitoses
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9
Q

What is a Metastisis?

A

•A metastasis is a discontinuous growing colony of tumour cells, at some distance from the primary cancer

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10
Q

How would you call a benign epithelial tumor of surface epithelium (e.g. skin, bladder)

A

Papilloma

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11
Q

What is a papilloma?

A

A benign tumor of surface epithelium (e.g. skin, bladder)

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12
Q

How would you call a benign tumor of glandular epithelium?

A

Adenoma

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13
Q

What is an adenoma?

A

A benign tumor of glandular epithelium

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14
Q

What is a carcinoma?

A

•A malignant tumour derived from epithelium

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15
Q

How do you call a malignant tumour derived from epithelium?

A

Carcinoma

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16
Q

Name some examples of different form of carcinomas

A
  1. squamous cell carcinoma
  2. adenocarcinoma,
  3. transitional cell carcinoma
  4. basal cell carcinoma

–> dependant on the tissue they derive from

17
Q

How would you call a benign tumor of soft tissue?

A

E.g. lipoma, osteoma

–> ending oma, dependant on the tissue type

18
Q

What is an osteoma?

A

Benign tumor derived from bone

19
Q

How would you call a malignant tumour derived from connective tissue (mesenchymal) cells?

A

Sarcoma

20
Q

What is a sarcoma?

A

a malignant tumour derived from connective tissue (mesenchymal) cells

21
Q

Name differnet types of maglignant soft tisseue tumors in

  • Fat
  • bone
  • cartilage
A
  1. Fat
    1. Liposarcoma
  2. Bone
    1. Osteosarcoma
  3. Cartilage
    1. Chondrosarcoma
22
Q

How would you call malignant tumors of

  • striate muscle
  • smooth muscle
  • Nerve sheath•
A
  1. Muscle
    • striated = RhabdomyoSARCOMA,
    • smooth = LeiomyoSARCOMA
  2. Nerve sheath = Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumour
23
Q

What is Leukemia?

A

A malignant tumor of bone marrow

(can usually be seen in blood cells )

24
Q

How would you call a malignant tumor of bone marrow?

A

Leukaemia

25
Q

What is a Lymphoma?

A

A malignant tumour of lymphocytes (usually) in lymph nodes

–> can normally be seen in the tissue

26
Q

How would you call a malignant tumour of lymphocytes (usually) in lymph nodes?

A

Lymphoma

27
Q

What is a teratoma?

A

A tumor derived from germ cells –> Can differentiate into any adult cell type

28
Q

How would you call a tumor of germ cells that can normally differentiate into any type of adult cell?

A

A Teratoma

29
Q

Are teratomas usually benign or malignant?

A
  1. In Males: almost always malignant
  2. In Females: Most are benign
30
Q

What is a HAMARTOMA?

A
  • localised overgrowth of cells and tissues native to the organ.
  • cells are mature but architecturally abnormal
    • –> When just looking at the cell, they look completely normal but are just organised in a different way
  • common in children, and should stop growing when they do,
31
Q

How do you call localised overgrowth of cells and tissues native to the organ, just with abnormal architecture?

A

Hamartoma

32
Q

What is a Anaplastic tumor?

A

When there is no differentiation seen and no origin cell type can be determined

33
Q

What is the grade of a tumor?

A

The level of differentiation (high grade= low differentiation)

34
Q

What is the stage of a tumor?

Which Criteria are used to determine it?

A

Stage of a tumor is how far the tumor has spread

–> TNM

  • Tumor
  • Node
  • Metastisis
35
Q

Explain the relationship between grade and stage

A
  1. High grade tumors tend to be high stage
  2. BUT: stage is the most impoertant factor when it comes to prognosis!
36
Q

List five morphological features that allow assessment of the differentiation of a tumor

A
  • loss of architectural orientation
  • loss in uniformity of individual cells
  • nuclei: hyperchromatic, enlarged
  • mitotic figures: abundant, abnormal, in places where not usually found
  • Evidence of normal function still present production of:

keratin,

mucin

bile

hormones

Year 2 MCD Cancer (17 decks)

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