1. Cellular pathology of cancer Flashcards
Recall the names of the types of benign epithelial tumour
Surface epithelium = papilloma
Glandular epithelium = adenoma
What is a carcinoma a cancer of? Recall 4 examples
Epithelium: Squamous cell Adenocarcinoma Transitional cell Basal cell
Where might you find transitional cells?
Bladder
Recall the names of the 3 types of benign soft tissue tumour
Osteoma
Lipoma
Leiomyoma (SMCs)
Recall the name of a sarcoma in striated muscle
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Recall the name of a sarcoma in smooth muscle
Leiomyosarcoma
Differentiate between leukaemia and lymphoma
Leukaemia = bone marrow Lymphoma = lymphocytes
What is a teratoma?
Tumour of germ cells
How do teratomas differ between men and women?
Men = always malignant Women = usually benign
What is a hamartoma?
Tumour where cells are native to their site of origin, but are unusual in their architectural arrangement
What is a metaplasia?
Reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced with another cell type
Give a pathological and physiological example of metaplasia
Pathological = Barrett's oesophagus Physiological = pregnancy
Recall the metaplastic change undergone in Barrett’s oesophagus
Epithelium = squamous –> columnar
Recall the metaplastic change undergone in pregnancy
Cervical exposure to acidic uterine fluid –> change of epithelium in endocervical canal to go from columnar to squamous
Define dysplasia
Abnormal growth pattern
How do you distinguish a dysplasia from a maligancy?
Has not infiltrated basement membrane
Describe the appearance of dysplastic cells
Hyperchromatic nuclei, loss of architectural convention, increased and abnormal mitoses
What is a neoplasia?
ANY new growth
What is a sarcoma?
A malignant tumour derived from connective tissue (mesenchymal cells)
Recall the 3 key feauturs of a benign tumour
Do not invade
Do not metastasise
Encapsulated
Differentiate between grade and stage and recall which is more important prognostically
Grade = how differentiated a tumour is Stage = how far it's spread = more important
What term is given to a tumour that shows little or no differentiation?
Anaplastic
What scoring system is used for breast cancer?
Nottingham
What scoring system is used for prostate cancer?
Gleason
