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1. Biology A-level > 1. Cells, the building blocks > Flashcards

1. Cells, the building blocks Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. how many mm in a m
  2. how many Um in a mm
  3. how many nm in an Um
A

1.1000
2.1000
3.1000

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2
Q

labelled light microscope

A
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4
Q

define magnification

A

how many times bigger the image of a specimen observed is in compared to the actual (real-life) size of the specimen.

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5
Q

define resolution

A

Resolution is the ability to distinguish between two separate points

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6
Q

max resolution of light and electron microscope

A

light 0.2 micrometers

electron 0.002 micrometers

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7
Q

max magnification of light and electron microscope

A

light x1,500

electron x500,000

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8
Q

function of cellulose cell wall

A

allows high internal pressure, WO bursting

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9
Q

surface cell membrane image

A
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10
Q

plasmodesmata

A

small strands of cytoplasm, pass via pits in cell wall, connect plant cell to neighbour

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11
Q

can animal cells have vacuoles

A

yes, temporary

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12
Q

the centrosome

A

-two centrioles
-involved in nuclear division of animal cells

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13
Q

Animal and plant cells similarities and differences

A
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14
Q

division of labour

A

describes specialised functions of cell organelles
-come together to ensure cell is capable of surviving + perform roll in body

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15
Q

define:
-tissue
-organ

A

group of similar cells, specialised to perform a function

collection of different tissues together, to perform a specialised function

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16
Q

wavelength of an electron microscope

A

-shorter wavelength than light

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17
Q

limitations of electron microscope

A

-electrons high speed, low energy
-specimin needs to be thin for electrons to penetrate, otherwise will be
-must be stained with heavy metal ions eg lead, allows them to absorb electrons
-must be under a vacuum, air would deflect the electrons and disrupt beam

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18
Q

Cross Section of a leaf

A
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19
Q

Electron microscope

A
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20
Q

cytosol

A

liquid component of the cytoplasm, surrounded by cell membrane around organelles and subcellular structures

function:
-transport of molecules across the cell
-provide structural support to organelles
-signal transduction to the target components
-platform for cellular metabolic processes and reactions
-maintains gradient across cell membrane

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21
Q

signal transduction

A

process by which a cell signal is transmitted to produce a cellular response

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22
Q

definiton of cytosol and cytoplasm

A
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23
Q

composition of cytosol and cytoplasm

A
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24
Q

diversity of cytosol and cytoplasm

A
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25
Q

components of cytosol and cytoplasm

A
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26
Q

metabolism of cytosol and cytoplasm

A
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27
Q

activities of cytosol and cytoplasm

A
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28
Q

functions of cytosol and cytoplasmS

A
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29
Q

ribosomes

A

built of 2 sub-units (small mRNA attachment site, 2 tRNA attachment sites)

constructed of a protein and nucleic acid (ribonucleaic acid RNA)

site of protein synthesis, recieve genetic info from DNA, read messenger RNA, use instructions to make protein

eukaryotic (large 80s)
prokaryotic (small 70s)

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30
Q

golgi apparatus

A

stack of curved membranes

packages proteins and lipids for within and export outside of the cell membrane - some packaged into golgi vesicles

site of synthesis of hormones, enzymes, polysaccharide macromolecules

also makes lysosomes

two faces:
cis face - recieves proteins and lipids from other organelles
cisternae and inner lumen - do packaging
trans face - releases proteins or lipids after package

important in metobically active cells eg secretory cells

31
Q

rough endoplasmic recticulum

A

ribosomes attached - site of synthesis of proteins eg digestive enzymes, sent to golgi apparatus for distribution and further processing

madeup of fluid filled membranes stacked together

vesicles cut off with proteins or enzymes for export form the cell

act as a scafolding for polypeptide synthesis

manufactures hormones and enzymes

32
Q

vesicle

A

**small, spherical organelle consists of fluid enclosed by a lipid bilayer **

used to store and transport substances around the cell, digest materials

33
Q

chloroplast membrane

A

double membrane

34
Q

stroma

A

aquous matrix contains starch grains

35
Q

grana

A

thylacoids arranged in flattened circular piles

contain photosynthetic pigments

36
Q

lamella

A

connect and separates thylakoid stacks (grana)

37
Q

function of chloroplast

A

function
- synthesise food via photosynthesis, chloroplasts trap solar energy
-absorb light energy and convert to chemical energy
-produce NADPH, and molecular oxygen via photolysis of water
-produce ATP via photosynthesis, for active transport
-carbon dioxide from air used to generate carbon via calvin cycle (dark reaction of photosynthesis), carbon used in carbon compounds eg carbohydrates, used as an energy source

38
Q

labelled chloroplast

A
39
Q

lysomes

A

small spherical vesicles bound by a single membrane

produced in golgi apparatus or ER

break down imported food vacuoles

-contain enzymes - lysozymes (digestive enzymes)
-digest invading cells or worn out cell structures via endocytosis
-digested material is used or excreted

40
Q

mitochondrion

A

double membrane
-site of aerobic cellular respiration and ATP synthesis
-have own DNA
-have own ribosomes (70s)
-cristae, enables compartmentalisation, allws mitochondria to separate different enzymes for different parts of the respiratory cycle
-endosymbiosis, prokaryotic clees englufed by eukaryotic cells

41
Q

labelled mitochondrion

A

matrix - contains enzymes for cell respiration

42
Q

exam Q - draw and label a mitochondria

A
43
Q

what is the matrix

A

aqueous solution of metabolites and enzymes, within inner membrane of mitochondrion

44
Q

smooth endoplasmic recticulum

A

no ribosomes

sit of synthesis of substances needed by cells and exported outside

eg lipids, steroids, hormones,

also site of storage of calcium ions eg for muscle contraction

vesicles with steroid hormones and enzymes to deactivate toxins eg alcohol

45
Q

plasma membrane

A

barrier - from extracellular environment
controlling movement - smei-permeable, only allows certain molecules to enter/exit

46
Q

cellulose cell wall

A

provide strength and rigidity, maintain shape via turgor pressure

Middle lamella - gel-like layer of calcium pectate, endoplasmic recticulum trapped across middle lamella form plasmodesmata (cytoplasmic connections between two new cells)

Primary cell wall

Secondary cell wall

47
Q

nucleus

A

-double membrane
-contains genetic material (DNA packaged in chromatin, packaged into chromosomes)
-nuclear pores, control entry and exit of substances
-contorls activities of a cell, regulates cellular processes eg transcription

48
Q

permanent vacuole

A

-contains cell sap, store of chemical and mineral ions
-helps maintain pressure in a plant cell, pushes cytoplasm against cell wall, stay turgid, prevent wilting
-isolates harmful chemicals from rest of the plant, as vacuole contaisn waste cell materials

49
Q

nucleolus

A

spherical structure in nucleus, produces and assembles ribosomes

50
Q

chromatin

nucleus

A

genetic material containing (DNA, RNA)

functions
-prevent DNA damage
-tightly packing DNA into cell
-control DNA replication and gene expression
-support DNA molecule, allow meiosis and mitosis

51
Q

plasmadesmata

A

adjacent plant cells are linked by channels (pits)

cytoplasmic strands join adjacent plant cells

52
Q

temporary vacuoles

A

may be found in animal cells

function (store and trasnport substances)
-osmoregulation
-storage
-excretion
-digestion

53
Q

centrioles

A

-help chromosomes separate during cell division

-made up of microtubules
-only in animal cells

54
Q

cell fractionation

A

organelles extracted form cells and separated

analysed: reactions within and enzymes

biochemical roles studied

55
Q

conditions of cell fractionation

A
  1. low temperature, prevents autolysis (self-digestion)
  2. isotonic solutions, same concentration used, prevents movement of water in or out
56
Q

microtubules

A

straight, unbranched hollow cylinders

in cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

made of globular protein - tubulin

involved in movement of organelles in cytoplasm

eg spindle fibres

57
Q

cilia

A

both have 9 pairs of microtubules

contain enzymes which release energy from adenine triphosphate

cilia - surface of membranes

58
Q

flagella

A

-help the cell move
-microtubules inside

59
Q

pit

A

in xylem
allow water to move sideways between the vessels

60
Q

-

amyloplast (starch grain)

A

organelles responsible for the storage granules

61
Q

carotene chromoplast

A

pigment absorbing blue, green light necessary for photosynthesis

62
Q

microfilaments

A
63
Q

peroxisome

A
64
Q

capsule

prokaryote

A
65
Q

necleoid

prokaryote

A
66
Q

pili

prokaryotic

A
67
Q

cytoplasmic membrane

prokaryotic

A
68
Q

stage micrometer units

A

on eye piece graticule (slide)

69
Q

eye piece units

A

twirl eye piece

70
Q

epu to smu

A

5smu=2epu
1smu=0.1mm

71
Q

prokaryote vs eukaryote

A

p - no membrane bound organelles, circula DNA, small ribosomes, smaller 0.1-0.5Um

e- contain membrane bound organelles, linear chromosomes in nucleus, large ribosomes, 10-100Um, most multicellular

72
Q

labelled light microscope

A

1. Biology A-level (5 decks)

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