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1. Biology A-level > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

carbs contain 3 elements

A

carbon

hydrogen

oxygen

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2
Q

monosaccharide

A

The simplest sugars, consist of a single monomer

General formula (CH2O)n

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3
Q

two isomers of glucose (a monosaccharide)
1. alpha

A
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4
Q

two isomers of glucose (a monosaccharide)
2. beta

A
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5
Q

difference of hydroxyl group alpha vs beta glucose

A
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6
Q

alpha glucose

A

function
- energy storage (found in starch)
- energy source (easily broken down in cellular respiration, providing ATP)

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7
Q

beta glucose

A

function
-structural component in plants, found in cellulose, beta links create long, straight chains which are rigid
-fiber in diet, in cellulose, aids digestion

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8
Q

EDITTTT glucose in nature

A

36% α glucose
-more reactive as more hydroxyl groups on bottom
-delta charge on O and H
-charge is unevely distributed on molecule

64% β glucose

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9
Q

classification of monosaccharides

A

3 carbons Triose

5 carbons, pentose eg ribose, deoxyribose

6 carbons, hexose eg glucose

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10
Q

eg of monosaccharide

A

glucose

fructose

galactose

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11
Q

glycosidic bonds

A

type of covalent bond, forms between two monosaccharides,

formed by condensation

two types
-Alpha Glycosidic Bond
- Beta Glycosidic Bond

roles
-allow molecules to store energy efficiently
-create rigid structures, essential for plant cell walls
-breakdown via hydrolysis releases monosaccharides, used for energy production in cellular respiration

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12
Q

glucose

fructose

galactose

A

isomers

C6H12O6

same molecular formula

different structural formula

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13
Q

disaccharide

A

class of carbohydrates made up of two monosaccharide subunits

general molecular formula is C 12 H 22 O 11 .

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14
Q

eg of disaccharide

A

sucrose = α glucose + fructose

maltose = α glucose + α glucose

lactose = α or β glucose + galactose

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15
Q

condensastion reaction of two monosaccharides

A
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16
Q

condensation reaction of two molecules of alpha glucose

A
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17
Q

polysaccharide

A

polymers made up of glucose monosasccharides

joined by glycosidic bonds

formed by condensation reactions, to form chains

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18
Q

function of polysaccharides

A

energy storage (starch in plants, glycogen in animals)

structural (cellulose) (chitin)n

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19
Q

oligosaccharides

A

short chain polysaccharides

8-10 monosacharide residues

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20
Q

eg of polysaccharide

A

Starch

glycogen

cellulose

heparin

peptidoglycan

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21
Q

starch

A

consists of polymers:

amylose
-polymer of α glucose, linked by 1,4 glycosidic bonds
-unbranched helical molecule
-most -OH groups are capable of forming H bonds with H2O in aqueous environments

amylopectin
-branched molecule, α 1,4 backone with α 1/6 branch in every 25th glucose
-gives more ends to hydrolyse, enables faster metabolic rate

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22
Q

glycogen

A

has side branches

1,6 branches, links every 10 or 14 monosaccharides, more frequent residues

supports higher metabolic rate of animals (as more ends avaliable to hydrolyse)

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23
Q

cellulose

A

most abundant structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls

glucose polymer held by β 1.4 linkages

distribution of hydroxyl groups, means cross links between cellulose molecules can occur, procides support and strength

hydrogen bonds form between adjacent -OH groups on cellulose molecules

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24
Q

chitin

A

polysaccharide

beta glucose monomers

amino acid side chains

used for exoskeletons

24
Q

why is cellulose less reactive than other polysaccharides

A

due to hydrigen bonds and cross linking between chains

hydroxyl groups on adjacent cellulose molecules form hydrogen bonds

strong cross links between cellulose fibers makes structure rigid

25
Q

lignin

A

polymer of sugar and amino acids

deposited between cellulose molecules to lignify tissue

26
Q

macromolecules

A

giant molecules

some are polymers

27
Q

labelled lipid

triglyceride

A

three condensation reactions, forming ester bonds

Triglycerides have key roles in respiration and energy storage due to its insolubility and high carbon to hydrogen ratio.

28
Q

lipids

A

long term store of energy (high energy density 9kcal per gram, hydrophobic, stored compactly)

not polymers

made of glycerol and fatty acids

too small to be macromolecules

29
Q

fatty acids diagram

A

R group can be saturated or unsaturated

30
Q

glycerol diagram

A
31
Q

condensation glycérol and fatty acids

A
32
Q

phospholipid

A

hydrophillic head - allows exchange of substances between cell and environment

hydrophobic tail

fat and water soluble, can form lipid bilayer, crucial for role in cell membranes

33
Q

difference between phospholipid and triglyceride

A

triglyceride - 3 fatty acids, and no phosphate

phospholipid - 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group

34
Q

elements in aminoacids

A

N
C
H
O

35
Q

amino acids

A

essential - obtained in diet

non-essential - synthesised

36
Q

zwitterion

A
37
Q

condensation réaction

A
38
Q

condensation réaction

A
39
Q

hydrogen bonding

A

weak

40
Q

ionic bonding

A

between R groups

41
Q

disulphide bridge

A

amino acids oxidise to form disulphide bridge

42
Q

hydrophobic interactions

A

non-covalent bonds

between water and hydrophobes

43
Q

primary structure of proteins

A

sequence of amino acids determined by DNA coding

44
Q

secondary structure of proteins

A

Secondary structure - interactions with peptide backbone forms beta pleated sheets and alpha helices

Beta pleated sheets are parallel or antiparallel depending on direction of polypeptide chain
Alpha helices - have a helical structure, formed by hydrogen bonds between layers of the helix, creating a spiral shape (hydrogen bonds stabilise the helical structure)
Hydrogen bonds are crucial for the formations of secondary proteins

45
Q

tertiary structure of proteins

A

Tertiary structure - influenced by interactions of the side chains, inc hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds

46
Q

quarternary structure of proteins

A

Quaternary structure - involves arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains

47
Q

denaturation of proteins

A

breaking down of weak bonds

covalend bonds between amino acids

hydrogen bonds

active site changes shape, interactions can’t occur

BUT peptide bonds not broken

secondary and tertiary structures not destoryed
primary structure destroyed - proteins can refold

48
Q

renaturation of proteins

A

hydroken bonds reformed

if primary structure disrupted, can’t occur

49
Q

factors affecting denaturation

A

change in pH

increase in temp

heavy metals

ionising radiation

50
Q

carbs and triglycerides

A

long term energy store

51
Q

Adenine Triphosphate

A

ATP captures chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular process

52
Q

nucleotide of ATP

A
53
Q

hydrolysis of ATP

A

breaks last covalent bond between phosphate groups

releases chemical energy

energy used for: active transport, muscle contraction, formation of large molecules

54
Q

uses of ATP

A

muscle contraction
active transport
DNA replication
cell divison

55
Q

nucleotide

A
56
Q

nucleotide

A
57
Q

polynucleotide

A

1. Biology A-level (5 decks)

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