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Week 1 - Cells & Organelles > 1 Cells + Organelles > Flashcards

1 Cells + Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

Define a cell

A

Basic unit for which living organisms are made, consisting of an aqueous solution or organic molecules enclosed by a membrane

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2
Q

Describe an important factor of eukaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic cells and organised and compartmentalised. Organelles are sub cellular structures which carry out specific functions within the cell.

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3
Q

List components of a typical animal cells

A
  • Nucleus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Mitochondria
  • Plasma Membrane
  • Peroxisomes
  • Lysosomes
  • cytoskeleton - Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate filaments
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4
Q

Describe structure of organelles

A
  • sub- cellular compartment ( eukaryotic cells)
  • usually membrane bound - ribosomes
  • specialised for a unique function
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5
Q

Which organelle in a eukaryotic cell is not membrane bound

A

Ribosome

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6
Q

Describe structure and function of a nucleus

A
  • membrane bound which contains DNA
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7
Q

What structure covers the nucleus

A
  • nuclear membrane (envelope)
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8
Q

Which structure in the nuclear membrane allows for substances to pass between the cytoplasm and nucleus

A

Pores in the nuclear membrane

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9
Q

Name the structure found underneath the nucleus and it’s function

A

Nuclear lamina is found underneath the nucleus and accumulates molecules

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10
Q

What two structures form chromatin

A

DNA and histones

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11
Q

List the 4 structures which are associated with the nucleus

A
  • Nuclear membrane
  • Nuclear lamina
  • chromatin
  • Nucleolus
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12
Q

Describe the function of Nucleolus of the nucleus

A
  • site of ribosomal RNA and ribosome synthesis
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13
Q

List the components which compose the plasma membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • cholesterol
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • lipid/ membrane rafts
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14
Q

Describe the main function of the plasma membrane

A

Regulates and controls substances which leave and enter the cell as well as detecting stimuli anc responding accordingly.

Plasma membrane forms an interface with the external environment and the cell

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15
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane

A

Cholesterol improves fluidity of the plasma membrane and is concentrated in the lipid rafts

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16
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates and proteins in the plasma membrane

A
  • perform specific functions within the cell
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17
Q

Describe the structure and function of lipid/ membrane rafts in the plasma membrane

A

Lipid rafts are organised into specific domains. These are concentrating signalling receptors.

Increased concentration of cholesterol in plasma membrane ( cholesterol increases fluidity)

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18
Q

Describe the structure and function of Glycocalyx in plasma membrane

A
  • layer of carbohydrate which covers the cells
  • functions as cell recognition
  • stomach is lined with glycocalyx where digestive enzymes are stored
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19
Q

What are the two phospholipid types found in the plasma membrane

A
  • phosphatidycholine
  • phosphatidylserine
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20
Q

In which layer is the phosphatidylcholine found

A

Outer layer of the plasma membrane

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21
Q

In which layer is phosphatidylserine found in the plasma membrane

A
  • inner layer of the plasma membrane
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22
Q

What is the main function of the Mitochondria

A
  • produces energy if the form of ATP
  • apoptosis -DNA stress/ damage
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23
Q

Describe the structure of the mitochondria

A
  • outer membrane
  • intermembrane space
  • inner membrane (Cristae)
  • Matrix
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24
Q

What is outer membrane of the mitochondria composed of

A

Outer membrane is composed of pyruvate - selectively permeable

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25
Q

What process takes place in the inner membrane (cristae) of mitochondria

A
  • electron transport chain
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26
Q

What does the matrix of mitochondria contain

A
  • enzymes for citric acid cycle and TCA cycle
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27
Q

Through which processes does the mitochondria produce ATP

A
  • tricarboxylic acid TCA / Kerbs Cycle
  • electron transport chain - cytochrome c on inner membrane
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
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28
Q

How does the mitochondria carry out apoptosis

A
  • release of cytochrome C in mitochondria to cytosol which initiates apoptosis
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29
Q

Name the 2 types of Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
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30
Q

List features of the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • associated with ribosomes
  • protein synthesis
  • protein folding
  • protein modification
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31
Q

List the features of the smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • no ribosomes
  • lipid synthesis
  • calcium storage
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32
Q

Describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus

A
  • stack of flattened membrane bound stacks - cisternae and vesicles
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33
Q

Describe the function of the Golgi apparatus

A
  • proteins received from the ER
  • proteins are modified and sorted into eventual destinations either for use within or out with the cell.
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34
Q

Describe the function of lysosomes

A
  • Degrade unwanted molecules
  • Contain 50 degradative enzymes
  • optimal ph 5
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35
Q

Describe the function of peroxisomes

A
  • perform large number of biochemical reactions - membrane bound
  • diverse family of peroxisomes ( different subset of reactions)
  • contain oxidative enzymes - catalyse
  • breakdown of fatty acids - B- oxidation
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36
Q

Define amphipathic

A

Molecules which is both polar and non- polar

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37
Q

Give an example of a cell structure which is amphipathic

A
  • plasma membrane
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38
Q

Define a phospholipid

A
  • lipid composed of phosphate polar heads and two fatty acid side chains - one saturated and the other unsaturated
39
Q

Define lamellipodia

A
  • Lamellipodia is a micro- filament based membrane protrusions which allows the cell to move
40
Q

Define filopodia

A
  • very small spikes in the micro filament based protrusions of the plasma membrane involved in cell motility
41
Q

There are 4 main blood groups A, B, AB & O which are determined by the presence of specific molecules of the plasma membrane on red blood cells (erythrocytes).

What type of molecule determines the ABO blood grouping?

A

Carbohydrates

42
Q

Describe the functions of cytoskeleton of a cell

A
  • organise cell structure
  • maintains correct shape of cell
  • supports fragile plasma membrane
  • provides mechanical linkages that let cell or tissue to bear stres
  • facilitates movement of organelles
  • allows cell to adopt specific behaviours - growth, division & motility
43
Q

List the 3 types of cytoskeleton

A

Microfilament

Microtubules

Intermediate filaments

44
Q

Describe the difference between Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments

A
  • Microtubules and microfilaments are dynamic structures as they change in response to different situations
  • intermediate filaments are static and stable
45
Q

What role do intermediate filaments play

A

Structural

46
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments

A

Provide mechanical strength

47
Q

Which type of intermediate filaments are present in skin

A

Keratin family

48
Q

Keratin family are a form of intermediate filaments found in which type of cells

A

Skin epithelial cells

49
Q

Which type of intermediate filaments are present in fibroblasts

A

Vimentin

50
Q

Vimentin is a type of intermediate filament which is found …

A

Fibroblasts

51
Q

What’s type of intermediate filaments are found in nuclei of eukaryotic cells

A

Lamins

52
Q

Lamins are a type of intermediate filament and where are these found

A

In nucleus of eukaryotic cells

53
Q

In which layer of the skin is the intermediate filament keratin present

A

Epidermis = keratin ( intermediate filament)

54
Q

In which layer of the skin is the intermediate filament vimentin present

A

Dermis in fibroblasts ( vimentin - intermediate filament)

55
Q

Nuclear lamina is an intermediate filament, describe its function?

A
  • composed of lamins
  • nuclear organisation
  • nuclear membrane support
  • chromatin organisation
56
Q

List the functions of Microtubules

A
  • cell movement
  • mitotically spindle fibres - separation of cells in mitosis
  • intracellular transport of organelles
57
Q

What are Microtubules composed of

A
  • polymers of alpha and beta tubulin
58
Q

Which two molecules help with intracellular organelle transport in microtubules

A
  • Kinesins = move cargo away from centrosomes
  • Dunedin’s = move cargo towards the centrosome
59
Q

What is an axoneme

A

Component of cytoskeleton

60
Q

Name two axonemes

A

Flagella and cilia

61
Q

Describe the function flagella and cilia have on cell

A
  • allow for movement and bending
62
Q

What are cilia and flagella composed of

A
  • microtubules and Dynein
63
Q

Name two types of membrane extensions in a cell

A

Lamellipodia and filopodia

64
Q

What are microfilaments

A

Polymers of actin and needed for wound healing

65
Q

What are the functions of microfilaments on cells

A
  • cytoplasm allows for a change in cell shape
  • microvilli are cell projections
66
Q

What are the functions of lamellipodia and filopodia

A
  • help cell motility (cell movement)
67
Q

What is the main function of intermediate filaments

A

Provide mechanical strength

68
Q

What is the main function of microtubules

A

Help with intracellular transport - dynein (towards centrosome) & Kinesins (away centrosomes)

Mitosis and movement

69
Q

What is the function of microfilaments

A

Change cells shape, cell motility, and provide cell structure

70
Q

What are cell junctions

A

Transmembrane protein complexes

71
Q

State function of cell junctions

A

Connect plasma membrane to adjacent cells, basement membrane and cytoskeleton

72
Q

What is the function of cell- cell junctions

A

These anchor cells to one another

73
Q

Name two types of cell- cell junctions

A

Adherens

Desmosomes

74
Q

Which type of junctions help cells to be anchored to the ECM

A

Cell- ECM junctions

75
Q

Name two types of cell ECM junctions

A
  • focal adhesions
  • Hemidesmosomes
76
Q

Focal and adhesion junctions form which type of anchoring junctions

A

ECM junctions which anchor the cells through the Extracellular junction

77
Q

Name two types of cytoskeleton junctions

A

Actin

Intermediate filaments

78
Q

Actin & intermediate filaments are part of which type of cell junctions

A

Cytoskeleton junctions

79
Q

Which two type of cell junctions connect to intermediate filaments

A

Hemidesmosomes - cell ECM junctions

Desmosomes - Cell - Cell junctions

80
Q

Name two types of cell junctions which connect to actin

A

Focal adhesions - ECM junctions

Adherents - Cell - Cell junctions

81
Q

What is the function of adherents and focal adhesions junctions - connect to actin

A

Regulate and adhere to change in the cytoskeleton - increasing flexibility

82
Q

What do hemidesmosomes and desmosomes attach to

A

Intermediate filament

83
Q

What is the function of hemidesmosomes ( ECM junctions) and desmosomes ( Cell- cell junctions)

A

These are strong junctions which form strong and stable tissue

84
Q

What is the function of tight junctions

A
  • Act as gates or fences
  • polarises the cell as it consists of separate domains ( apical = top) and (basolateral = bottom)
85
Q

What is the function of a gate tight junction

A

Regulates paracellular permeability - controllers substances moving between cells

86
Q

What is the function of fence tight junction

A

Forms an apical or basolateral intramembrane diffusion barrier

  • prevents the apical (top) substances from mixing with the lower section basolateral (bottom)
87
Q

What is the function of a tight junction

A
  • separates the cells top (apical) section from the bottom ( basolateral)
88
Q

Which type of cells contain a distinct domains

A
  • skin cells in epidermis
  • epithelial cells
89
Q

What is the purpose of cells having an apical and basolateral domain

A
  • cell is polarised
  • lower and upper domains of the cell have different functions and direction
90
Q

What is another name for channel forming junctions

A

GAP junctions

91
Q

What is a GAP junction

A

Channel forming junction - forms small channels between adjacent cells

92
Q

What is an advantage of gap junctions

A

Gap junctions allows for chemical and electrical communication between cells

93
Q

What is a gap junction composed of

A

Hexamers of Connexins

94
Q

One of the hallmarks of cancer cells is that cells move away from one site, the primary tumour. This is done by detaching from the neighbouring cells and migrate away from primary tumour.

What molecule is decreased in tumours?

A

E- Cadherin- component in cell junctions ( adherin junctions). These junctions are lost during cancer progression

Week 1 - Cells & Organelles (5 decks)

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