1. Building blocks and linear polymers

Question 1

polymer

Answer 1

covalent bond-linked chain on monomers

Question 2

common element

Answer 2

shared by all different monomers for that class of informational biopolymers

Question 3

characteristic element

Answer 3

makes each monomer different from the others

Question 4

what forms the link between monomers, aka the backbone?

Answer 4

common element

Question 5

informational biopolymers contain…

Answer 5

more than 1 kind of monomer
i.e. DNA, RNA and protein

Question 6

how many monomer units can be joined with 1 joining site?

Answer 6

only 2 monomer units joined together: can’t form polymer

Question 6

informational biopolymers have __ joining sites

Answer 6

2

Question 6

sequence

Answer 6

order of monomer units in an informational biopolymer
–> different sequence = different information

Question 6

2 joining sites on monomer units can form…

Answer 6

linear/circular polymers of infinite length

Question 7

advantages of having 2 joining sites

Answer 7

more efficient packaging and handling of molecule

Question 8

3 joining sites on monomer units can form…

Answer 8

branched polymers

Question 9

polymer growth is…

Answer 9

unidirectional: monomers added to the 3’ end

Question 10

nucleotide characteristic element

Answer 10

heterocyclic base

Question 11

nucleotide common element

Answer 11

pentose sugar phosphate backbone

Question 12

2 joining sites on nucleotides

Answer 12

• 5’ phosphate
• 3’ hydroxyl

Question 13

difference between ribose and deoxyribose + reason

Answer 13

deoxyribose doesn’t have 2’ OH group which makes it more stable for DNA

Question 14

bond between sugar phosphate and heterocyclic bases

Answer 14

N-glycosidic bond

Question 15

why does DNA have T instead of U

Answer 15

makes chemical damage easier to repair

Question 16

bond between adjacent nucleotides

Answer 16

phosphodiester bonds

Question 17

purine heterocyclic bases

Answer 17

Adenine and Guanine (A and G)

Question 18

pyrimidine heterocyclic bases

Answer 18

Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil (C, U, G)

Question 19

amino acid characteristic element

Answer 19

amino acid side chain (R)

Question 20

amino acid common element

Answer 20

carbon + carboxyl + amino group

Question 21

2 joining sites on amino acids

Answer 21

• amino group (NH2)
• carboxyl group (COOH)

Question 23

protein grows by addition of monomers to which end

Answer 23

carboxyl end

Question 23

how many different amino acid side chains?

Answer 23

20

Question 23

3 main classes of amino acid side chains

Answer 23

- hydrophobic: 8 amino acids - hydrophilic: 9 amino acids - special: 3 amino acids

Question 24

ribosomal NTPs

Answer 24

ATP, CTP, GTP, UTP

Question 24

bond between amino acids

Answer 24

peptide bond

Question 24

Nucleoside TriPhosphates (NTPs)

Answer 24

nucleotides energised to high energy

Question 24

deoxyribosomal NTPs

Answer 24

dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP

Question 25

DNA is

Answer 25

double-stranded and anti-parallel

Question 25

what happens when NTP is added to growing nucleic acid

Answer 25

the outer 2 phosphates are kicked out from amino acid

Question 25

bonds between DNA bases

Answer 25

Hydrogen bonds

Question 26

denaturation

Answer 26

breaking of weak hydrogen bonds in DNA

Question 26

Tm depends on

Answer 26

sugar phosphate base composition

Question 26

Tm

Answer 26

temperature at which DNA is half melted

Question 26

renaturation

Answer 26

DNA strand reformation

Question 27

G-C base pair H-bonds

Answer 27

3 H-bonds

Question 28

A-T base pair H-bonds

Answer 28

2 H-bonds

Question 29

which base pair has highest Tm

Answer 29

G-C has higher Tm: more H bonds, takes more energy to separate

Question 30

bending of DNA along its axis is important for

Answer 30

DNA-protein interactions and DNA folding

Question 31

DNA is read by...

Answer 31

DNA-binding proteins at the major and minor grooves

Question 32

high energy nucleotides are in the form of

Answer 32

amino acyl-tRNAs

Question 33

when is the tRNA molecule removed from nucleotide

Answer 33

when the next amino acid is added to the polymer chain