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1.1.3 The Human Body > 1. Brain & Body > Flashcards

1. Brain & Body Flashcards

1
Q

3 major subdivisions of the brain

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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2
Q

5 subdivisions of the brain

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

Mesencephalon

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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3
Q

Subdivisions of the Forebrain (2)

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

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4
Q

Subdivision of the Midbrain (1)

A

Mesencephalon

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5
Q

Subdivisions of the Hindbrain (2)

A

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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6
Q

Division of the Cerebral Cortex (4 lobes)

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

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7
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Executive functions
Cognitive functions
Motor cortex (control over skeletal muscles)

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8
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Sensations from the environment
Sensory cortex (sensations)

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9
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Memory
Auditory information
Auditory cortex

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10
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual information
Visual cortex

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11
Q

Gyri & Sulci

A

Gyri are the ridges of the brain
Sulci are the fissures/valleys
They increase the brains surface area & separate lobes

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12
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

Contains the sensory cortex - sensations

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13
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

Contains the motor cortex - fine movement

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14
Q

Central sulcus

A

Separates the frontal & parietal lobe

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15
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

Separates the frontal & parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

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16
Q

The Limbic System (function)

A

Fight or Flight (influences the autonomic nervous system & endocrine system)
Feeding & Reproduction

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17
Q

The Limbic System (contains)

A

Amygdala
Hippocampus
Fornix
Cingulate cortex
Septum

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18
Q

Amygdala

A

Evaluation of emotional information, fear in particular
Located in the anterior temporal lobe

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19
Q

Hippocampus

A

Memories
Monitoring direction

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20
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory information is received by nuclei in the thalamus which is sent to the cerebral cortex and back with certain aspects of the stimuli highlighted for attention

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21
Q

The Binding Problem

A

The question of how the brain combines activity in different brain areas to produce unified perception and coordinated behaviour

22
Q

Neurons - Dendrites

A

Receive electrical impulses from other neurons
Specialised in receiving information
Surface is lined with synaptic receptors where information is received
Greater surface area = more information received
Dendritic spines - growths that increase surface area

23
Q

Neurons - Soma

A

Genetic material is localized
Nucleus, ribosomes and mitochondria
Metabolic work occurs

Often covered with synapses like the dendrites

24
Q

Neurons - Axon

A

Long projection fibre specialised in transmitting information over a large distance to other neurons, organs or muscles
Electrical impulses (aka action potential) travel along the axon
There can only be one axon, but it may have branches

25
Efferent axon
carries information from a structure Motor neurons are efferent from the nervous system as they transfer information to other body cells like muscles E for Exit
26
Efferent axon
carries information from a structure Motor neurons are efferent from the nervous system as they transfer information to other body cells like muscles E for Exit
27
Neurons - Myelin Sheath
Insulation that helps enhance the speed of the electrical impulse Not in invertebrate axons *Interruptions called nodes of Ranvier*
28
Neurons - Terminal buttons/presynaptic terminal
Neurotransmitters are released, conveying a message to the receiving cell
29
Neurons - Synapse
Where the message is transmitted between two cells from terminal button to other cell
30
Intrinsic neuron
when a cell's axon and dendrites are contained within a single structure Likely to have shorter axons as they have to be contained within one place
31
Glia
These + neurons make up the nervous system Non-neuronal cells of the nervous system
32
Interneuron/Relay neurons
send messages between each other. Can be either motor or sensory
33
Sensory neurons
Soma is on a stalk off of the main body
34
Motor neurons
soma in the spinal
35
Multipolar neurons
more than two dendrites, most neurons are multipolar
36
Unipolar neurons
one dendrite
37
Bipolar neurons
two dendrites
38
Blood-Brain Barrier
Protection of the brain from molecules from chemicals Blood vessels are more densely packed around the brain Oxygen, glucose can pass the barrier
39
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- located in the periphery of the body - connects the brain and spinal cord (effectively linking it to the rest of the body) Autonomic NS: Sympathetic NS Parasympathetic NS
40
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Brain and spinal cord - Also consists of blood vessels and stuff (both of them do) Somatic NS
41
Autonomic NS
Regulates the body's internal environment like heart rate. In control of the heart, intestines and other organs Contains Sympathetic NS Parasympathetic NS
42
Sympathetic NS
Active during psychological arousal. Mobilizes energy to perform well - Norepinephrine released - Chains of ganglia (connections between spinal cord - Physiological changes like heart rate and breathing
43
Parasympathetic NS
Active during psychological relaxation. Helps to conserve energy - Opposite actions to the sympathetic nervous system like decreased heart rate and breathing. Increased digestive activity - Acetylcholine
44
Somatic NS
Regulates the body's interaction with the external environment. Axons convey messages from sensory organs to the CNS. From the CNS they travel to the muscles
45
Comparison to other primates
Primates (humans, monkeys, apes) have a proportionally larger cerebral cortex, more folds & a higher density of neurons Other animals have bigger cerebral cortexes, but not proportionally to the rest of their brain
46
Endocrine
Releases hormones
47
Youngest lobe
Forebrain
48
Oldest lobe
Hindbrain
49
Medulla oblongata
An extension of the spinal cord 12 pairs of cranial nerves connect the head and other organs to the medulla - These control crucial reflexes like heart rate, breathing, coughing, sneezing etc. Hindbrain
50
The pons
Anterior and ventral to medulla Also has cranial nerves - A bridge - Axons cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other - Hemispheres control the opposite side of the body Hindbrain
51
Cerebellum
- Control of movement - Balance and coordination - Learning & conditioning - Shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli - Timing - Rhythm
52
4 Ventricles
- Filled with CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) - This provides buoyancy and protects the brain from injuries - Also goes into the spaces between the brain and the meninges (membranes surrounding the spinal cord & brain) - Swollen blood vessels in the meninges cause migraines - Subarachnoid space - CSF is reabsorbed into the blood - Reserve supply of hormones for the brain and spinal cord

1.1.3 The Human Body (8 decks)

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