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1.1.3 The Human Body > 1. Brain & Body > Flashcards

1. Brain & Body Flashcards

1
Q

3 major subdivisions of the brain

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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2
Q

5 subdivisions of the brain

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

Mesencephalon

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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3
Q

Subdivisions of the Forebrain (2)

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

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4
Q

Subdivision of the Midbrain (1)

A

Mesencephalon

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5
Q

Subdivisions of the Hindbrain (2)

A

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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6
Q

Division of the Cerebral Cortex (4 lobes)

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

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7
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Executive functions
Cognitive functions
Motor cortex (control over skeletal muscles)

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8
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Sensations from the environment
Sensory cortex (sensations)

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9
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Memory
Auditory information
Auditory cortex

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10
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual information
Visual cortex

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11
Q

Gyri & Sulci

A

Gyri are the ridges of the brain
Sulci are the fissures/valleys
They increase the brains surface area & separate lobes

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12
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

Contains the sensory cortex - sensations

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13
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

Contains the motor cortex - fine movement

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14
Q

Central sulcus

A

Separates the frontal & parietal lobe

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15
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

Separates the frontal & parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

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16
Q

The Limbic System (function)

A

Fight or Flight (influences the autonomic nervous system & endocrine system)
Feeding & Reproduction

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17
Q

The Limbic System (contains)

A

Amygdala
Hippocampus
Fornix
Cingulate cortex
Septum

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18
Q

Amygdala

A

Evaluation of emotional information, fear in particular
Located in the anterior temporal lobe

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19
Q

Hippocampus

A

Memories
Monitoring direction

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20
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory information is received by nuclei in the thalamus which is sent to the cerebral cortex and back with certain aspects of the stimuli highlighted for attention

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21
Q

The Binding Problem

A

The question of how the brain combines activity in different brain areas to produce unified perception and coordinated behaviour

22
Q

Neurons - Dendrites

A

Receive electrical impulses from other neurons
Specialised in receiving information
Surface is lined with synaptic receptors where information is received
Greater surface area = more information received
Dendritic spines - growths that increase surface area

23
Q

Neurons - Soma

A

Genetic material is localized
Nucleus, ribosomes and mitochondria
Metabolic work occurs

Often covered with synapses like the dendrites

24
Q

Neurons - Axon

A

Long projection fibre specialised in transmitting information over a large distance to other neurons, organs or muscles
Electrical impulses (aka action potential) travel along the axon
There can only be one axon, but it may have branches

25
Q

Efferent axon

A

carries information from a structure
Motor neurons are efferent from the nervous system as they transfer information to other body cells like muscles
E for Exit

26
Q

Efferent axon

A

carries information from a structure
Motor neurons are efferent from the nervous system as they transfer information to other body cells like muscles
E for Exit

27
Q

Neurons - Myelin Sheath

A

Insulation that helps enhance the speed of the electrical impulse
Not in invertebrate axons
Interruptions called nodes of Ranvier

28
Q

Neurons - Terminal buttons/presynaptic terminal

A

Neurotransmitters are released, conveying a message to the receiving cell

29
Q

Neurons - Synapse

A

Where the message is transmitted between two cells from terminal button to other cell

30
Q

Intrinsic neuron

A

when a cell’s axon and dendrites are contained within a single structure
Likely to have shorter axons as they have to be contained within one place

31
Q

Glia

A

These + neurons make up the nervous system
Non-neuronal cells of the nervous system

32
Q

Interneuron/Relay neurons

A

send messages between each other. Can be either motor or sensory

33
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Soma is on a stalk off of the main body

34
Q

Motor neurons

A

soma in the spinal

35
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

more than two dendrites, most neurons are multipolar

36
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

one dendrite

37
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

two dendrites

38
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

Protection of the brain from molecules from chemicals
Blood vessels are more densely packed around the brain
Oxygen, glucose can pass the barrier

39
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A
  • located in the periphery of the body
  • connects the brain and spinal cord (effectively linking it to the rest of the body)

Autonomic NS:
Sympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS

40
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A
  • Brain and spinal cord
  • Also consists of blood vessels and stuff (both of them do)

Somatic NS

41
Q

Autonomic NS

A

Regulates the body’s internal environment like heart rate. In control of the heart, intestines and other organs

Contains
Sympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS

42
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Active during psychological arousal. Mobilizes energy to perform well

  • Norepinephrine released
  • Chains of ganglia (connections between spinal cord
  • Physiological changes like heart rate and breathing
43
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

Active during psychological relaxation. Helps to conserve energy

  • Opposite actions to the sympathetic nervous system like decreased heart rate and breathing. Increased digestive activity
  • Acetylcholine
44
Q

Somatic NS

A

Regulates the body’s interaction with the external environment. Axons convey messages from sensory organs to the CNS. From the CNS they travel to the muscles

45
Q

Comparison to other primates

A

Primates (humans, monkeys, apes) have a proportionally larger cerebral cortex, more folds & a higher density of neurons
Other animals have bigger cerebral cortexes, but not proportionally to the rest of their brain

46
Q

Endocrine

A

Releases hormones

47
Q

Youngest lobe

A

Forebrain

48
Q

Oldest lobe

A

Hindbrain

49
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

An extension of the spinal cord
12 pairs of cranial nerves connect the head and other organs to the medulla
- These control crucial reflexes like heart rate, breathing, coughing, sneezing etc.

Hindbrain

50
Q

The pons

A

Anterior and ventral to medulla
Also has cranial nerves
- A bridge
- Axons cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other
- Hemispheres control the opposite side of the body

Hindbrain

51
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Control of movement
    • Balance and coordination
  • Learning & conditioning
  • Shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli
  • Timing
    • Rhythm
52
Q

4 Ventricles

A
  • Filled with CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
  • This provides buoyancy and protects the brain from injuries
  • Also goes into the spaces between the brain and the meninges (membranes surrounding the spinal cord & brain)
    • Swollen blood vessels in the meninges cause migraines
  • Subarachnoid space - CSF is reabsorbed into the blood
  • Reserve supply of hormones for the brain and spinal cord

1.1.3 The Human Body (8 decks)

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