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Biomechanics > (1) Biomech. Tissue Composition, Tissue Biomechanics (Quiz 2) > Flashcards

(1) Biomech. Tissue Composition, Tissue Biomechanics (Quiz 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four primary tissue components?

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Elastin
  3. Ground Substance
  4. Water
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2
Q

What is the metabolic turnover for collagen through growth and maturity?

A

it is continuous

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3
Q

What happens to collagen fibers at maturity?

A

fibers become more stable

kids are very flexible, and that decreases as we mature

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4
Q

what synthesizes and secretes collagen molecules?

A

fibroblasts

collagen molecules are triple helices of coiled polypeptide chains

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5
Q

How do collagen molecules align in the extracellular matrix? What does this form?

A

in a parallel arrangement–> to form microfibrils and then fibrils–> then into fibers (densely packed bundles)

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6
Q

What is the tension of collagen? As in, how far can it stretch?

A

can stretch to 110% original length w/o breaking

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7
Q

Under tension, what happens to a ligament?

A

it changes and it will increase ligament STRENGTH and SIZE

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8
Q

If we put force into collagen (aka our ligaments) what four things occur?

A
  • increase number of collagen fibrils
  • increase in collagen fibril diameter
  • increase cross-linking
  • increase collagen fibril packing density
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9
Q

When we have immobilization, what degenerative ligament changes occur? (thinking collagen)

A

Decrease in:

  • fiber diameter
  • fiber density
  • fibril number
  • overall collagen mass
  • collagen metabolism
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10
Q

When we have immobilization, what occurs at the junction of a ligament-bone?

A

increase osteoclast activity–> bone re-absorption occurs–> and disruption of pattern of diffusion of ligament fibers into the bone

(therefore should NOT go back to full force movement after immobilization)

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11
Q

How far can elastin stretch without breaking?

A

150% original length

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12
Q

What occurs to Elastin with age?

A

Lost of resiliency–> fragmentation and fraying–> leads to bleeding–> then calcification–> which increases number of cross-links

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13
Q

What is an amorphous gel-like substance surrounding the cells?

A

Ground Substance

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14
Q

What is the aka for Ground Substance?

A

“Cement Substances”

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15
Q

What is the aka, “Cement Substances” for?

A

Ground substance

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16
Q

What are the contents of Ground Substance?

A
  • GAGs
  • plasma proteins
  • small proteins
  • water (~60-70%)
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17
Q

What percentage is water of the total CT content?

A

~60-70%

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18
Q

What is proteoglycan?

A

a protein or peptide to which GAGs are covalently attached

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19
Q

What are the 4 major GAGs?

A
  1. Hyauluronic acid
  2. Chondroitin-4-sulfate
  3. Chondroitin-6-sulfate
  4. Dermatan sulfate
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20
Q

What is found within high concentration w/in GAGs? Touch on supplementation.

A

glucosamine

supplements good for joint health sound contain: Glucosamine sulfate (NOT glucosamine hydrochloride)

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21
Q

How is the combination of Hyaluronic acid and water good?

A

makes for a powerful lubricant

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22
Q

What does the combination of Hyaluronic acid and water maintain for us?

A

a CRITICAL DISTANCE b/w collagen fibers

  • allows free gliding
  • prevents excessive cross-linking
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23
Q

What is tissue biomechanics?

A

study of how different parts of the human body, like bone, tendons, and muscles, react to external forces

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24
Q

What three main things do mechanical forces play an important role in for tissue? What is another aspect it places a role in?

A

development, maintenance, and remodeling

also in development of damage and disease

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25
Q

What are the 5 ty[pes of mechanical forces acting on tissues?

A
  1. compression
  2. tension
  3. shear
  4. torsion
  5. bending
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26
Q

What type of mechanical force is it when a load produces forces that push the material together?

A

compression

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27
Q

What type of mechanical forces is it when a structure is stretched or pulled longitudinally?

A

tension

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28
Q

What type of mechanical forces is it when forces are acting parallel to each other in opposite directions and cause the structure to deform internally in an angular manner?

A

shear

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29
Q

What type of mechanical forces is it when forces are twisting/rotating in opposite directions about the long axis?

A

torsion

30
Q

What type of mechanical forces is it when it is a combination of tensile and compressive loads?

A

Bending

31
Q

What is an example of where nearly constant compressive forcesare transmitted to in the spine?

A

the VB and IVD

32
Q

What are four examples of Compression injuries?

A
  • bruises (contusions)
  • crushing injuries
  • compression fractures
  • pinching
33
Q

When there is a compression fracture in the spine, how many segments are we likely to see it at?

A

one segment (biomechanical force offloading)

34
Q

If we see multiple VB segments that have compression fractures, what are we thinking is the cause?

A

it is pathological

NOT biomechanical

35
Q

What are the tension elements of the body?

A

soft tissues (fascia, muscles, ligaments, and CT)

36
Q

What type of movements will produce tensile forces in the IVD?

A

rotational movements

37
Q

What part of the IVD will bear the tensile loads placed on it?

A

annular fibers

38
Q

What are examples of tension injuries?

A
  • sprain/strain injuries
  • avulsion fractures
  • nerve traction injuries
39
Q

What type of bone is most at risk for a fracture when a shear force is applied? Examples?

A

cancellous bones

Ex: femoral condyles and tibial plateaus, ulna

40
Q

What will resists shear forces in the spine?

A

facet joints and the fibers of the annulus fibrous

41
Q

What are some examples of Shear injuries?

A
  • brain injuries
  • tibiofemoral translation injuries such as ACL and PCL
  • blisters
  • spine injuries (like in flexion or extension)
42
Q

What type of fracture of long bones is an example of torsional load FAILURE?

A

spiral fractures

43
Q

What can excessive rotational force results in?

A

failure of any of the elements that resist rotation

44
Q

What are some of the elements that resist rotation, and therefore are at risk of failure when excessive rotational forces are applied? (4)

A
  • Fx of impacted FACET joint
  • Fx of pars interarticularis
  • capsular tears
  • circumferential tears of the annulus
45
Q

What is the mechanical force Bending a combination of?

A

compression and tension

46
Q

Fractures of what kind of bones frequently occur through the Bending mechanism?

A

long bones

47
Q

What are the 3 common tissue responses to mechanical loading?

A
  1. Deformation
  2. Growth and Remodeling
  3. Failure
48
Q

What is local shape change under the effect of applied forces known as?

A

Deformation

49
Q

Describe how local shape change, aka Deformation, occurs.

A

when an external forces acts on an object, that object may translate and/or rotate in the direction of the net force/torque–>

if that object is subjected to external forces, BUT is in static equilibrium–> then it most likely there will be some local shape change w/in the object (aka deformation)

50
Q

What are four things that the extent of Deformation depends on?

A
  1. material properties
  2. size and shape of object
  3. env. factors (heat, humidity)
  4. Force: magnitude, direction, duration
51
Q

What is the main difference between Stress and Strain?

A

Stress = measures the INTENSITY of the force (how much load)

Strain = measures the DEGREE of DEFORMATION

52
Q

What is the external force acting to deform the material? (aka what is done to the object)

A

stress

53
Q

What is the magnitude of deformation as a result of the applied stress/loading? (aka how the object responds)

A

Strain

54
Q

What is the relationship b/w Stress and Strain on a graph?

A

in general; strain is proportional to stress and the relationship is constant for a given material and a particular type of deformation

(not all things have linear relationship)

55
Q

In the addition to the Strain in the direction of the applied stress, where else is there strain?

A

also strain Orthogonal to the direction of loading

opposite/perpendicular direction

56
Q

Describe the different parts for a soft tissue Stress/Strain Graph.

A

Elastic = will return to regular shape once remove force

Plastic = too much force and will NOT reform

Failure = too much force and it “breaks”

57
Q

When we look at Stress/Strain graph, besides showing the amount of force (stress) and deformation (strain), what other 3 qualities does the curve represent of tissue?

A
  1. Strength
  2. Ductility
  3. Toughness
58
Q

What is the definition of strength?

A

the maximum STRESS a tissue can withstand w/o PERMANENT deformation

59
Q

What are the 3 types of Strength?

A
  1. yield Strength
  2. Ultimate Strength
  3. Failure Strength
60
Q

What is Yield Strength?

A

stress at the yield point of a material beyond which permanent deformation will occur

(when will the material yield to that force?)

61
Q

What is Ultimate strength?

A

the maximal stress that a material can withstand prior to the initiation of failure

(how much stress can it take before it fails?)

62
Q

What is the Failure Strength?

A

the stress at which the material actually breaks or ruptures

63
Q

What is the term that represents the STEEPNESS (slope) of the stress/strain curve?

A

Ductility

(force per unit area required to deform a material)–> Deformation, and Ductility

64
Q

What does it mean when a tissue is Ductile?

A

it is pliant–> and the tissue will fail at low stress, but can withstand a large strain

(can bend it well)

65
Q

What does it mean when a tissue is Brittle?

A

stiff–> tissue can withstand high stress, but fail with relatively low strain

aka low ductility

(can withstand a lot of stress, but can’t deform easy)
Ex: uncooked pasta noodles

66
Q

What does a steep slope on a Stress/Strain graph tell us?

A

material/tissue is brittle/stiff

67
Q

What does a shallow slope on a Stress/Strain graph tell us?

A

the material/tissue is ductile/pliable

68
Q

What is the total ENERGY required to cause material failure?

A

Toughness (it takes a lot of energy to rupture a tough material)

69
Q

How can we estimate toughness on a Stress/Strain graph?

A

observing the TOTAL AREA under the stress/strain curve

70
Q

What type of strength, ductility, and toughness does bone have?

A

High strength
Low ductility (brittle)
Low toughness

71
Q

What type of strength, ductility, and toughness do tendons have?

A

Moderate Strength
Moderate Ductility
High toughness

72
Q

What type of strength, ductility, and toughness do ligaments have?

A

Low Strength
High ductility (pliant)
Moderate Toughness

Biomechanics (6 decks)

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