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Biomechanics > (1) Biomech. Tissue Composition, Tissue Biomechanics (Quiz 2) > Flashcards

(1) Biomech. Tissue Composition, Tissue Biomechanics (Quiz 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four primary tissue components?

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Elastin
  3. Ground Substance
  4. Water
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2
Q

What is the metabolic turnover for collagen through growth and maturity?

A

it is continuous

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3
Q

What happens to collagen fibers at maturity?

A

fibers become more stable

kids are very flexible, and that decreases as we mature

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4
Q

what synthesizes and secretes collagen molecules?

A

fibroblasts

collagen molecules are triple helices of coiled polypeptide chains

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5
Q

How do collagen molecules align in the extracellular matrix? What does this form?

A

in a parallel arrangement–> to form microfibrils and then fibrils–> then into fibers (densely packed bundles)

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6
Q

What is the tension of collagen? As in, how far can it stretch?

A

can stretch to 110% original length w/o breaking

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7
Q

Under tension, what happens to a ligament?

A

it changes and it will increase ligament STRENGTH and SIZE

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8
Q

If we put force into collagen (aka our ligaments) what four things occur?

A
  • increase number of collagen fibrils
  • increase in collagen fibril diameter
  • increase cross-linking
  • increase collagen fibril packing density
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9
Q

When we have immobilization, what degenerative ligament changes occur? (thinking collagen)

A

Decrease in:

  • fiber diameter
  • fiber density
  • fibril number
  • overall collagen mass
  • collagen metabolism
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10
Q

When we have immobilization, what occurs at the junction of a ligament-bone?

A

increase osteoclast activity–> bone re-absorption occurs–> and disruption of pattern of diffusion of ligament fibers into the bone

(therefore should NOT go back to full force movement after immobilization)

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11
Q

How far can elastin stretch without breaking?

A

150% original length

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12
Q

What occurs to Elastin with age?

A

Lost of resiliency–> fragmentation and fraying–> leads to bleeding–> then calcification–> which increases number of cross-links

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13
Q

What is an amorphous gel-like substance surrounding the cells?

A

Ground Substance

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14
Q

What is the aka for Ground Substance?

A

“Cement Substances”

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15
Q

What is the aka, “Cement Substances” for?

A

Ground substance

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16
Q

What are the contents of Ground Substance?

A
  • GAGs
  • plasma proteins
  • small proteins
  • water (~60-70%)
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17
Q

What percentage is water of the total CT content?

A

~60-70%

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18
Q

What is proteoglycan?

A

a protein or peptide to which GAGs are covalently attached

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19
Q

What are the 4 major GAGs?

A
  1. Hyauluronic acid
  2. Chondroitin-4-sulfate
  3. Chondroitin-6-sulfate
  4. Dermatan sulfate
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20
Q

What is found within high concentration w/in GAGs? Touch on supplementation.

A

glucosamine

supplements good for joint health sound contain: Glucosamine sulfate (NOT glucosamine hydrochloride)

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21
Q

How is the combination of Hyaluronic acid and water good?

A

makes for a powerful lubricant

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22
Q

What does the combination of Hyaluronic acid and water maintain for us?

A

a CRITICAL DISTANCE b/w collagen fibers

  • allows free gliding
  • prevents excessive cross-linking
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23
Q

What is tissue biomechanics?

A

study of how different parts of the human body, like bone, tendons, and muscles, react to external forces

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24
Q

What three main things do mechanical forces play an important role in for tissue? What is another aspect it places a role in?

A

development, maintenance, and remodeling

also in development of damage and disease

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25
What are the 5 ty[pes of mechanical forces acting on tissues?
1. compression 2. tension 3. shear 4. torsion 5. bending
26
What type of mechanical force is it when a load produces forces that push the material together?
compression
27
What type of mechanical forces is it when a structure is stretched or pulled longitudinally?
tension
28
What type of mechanical forces is it when forces are acting parallel to each other in opposite directions and cause the structure to deform internally in an angular manner?
shear
29
What type of mechanical forces is it when forces are twisting/rotating in opposite directions about the long axis?
torsion
30
What type of mechanical forces is it when it is a combination of tensile and compressive loads?
Bending
31
What is an example of where nearly constant compressive forcesare transmitted to in the spine?
the VB and IVD
32
What are four examples of Compression injuries?
- bruises (contusions) - crushing injuries - compression fractures - pinching
33
When there is a compression fracture in the spine, how many segments are we likely to see it at?
one segment (biomechanical force offloading)
34
If we see multiple VB segments that have compression fractures, what are we thinking is the cause?
it is pathological | NOT biomechanical
35
What are the tension elements of the body?
soft tissues (fascia, muscles, ligaments, and CT)
36
What type of movements will produce tensile forces in the IVD?
rotational movements
37
What part of the IVD will bear the tensile loads placed on it?
annular fibers
38
What are examples of tension injuries?
- sprain/strain injuries - avulsion fractures - nerve traction injuries
39
What type of bone is most at risk for a fracture when a shear force is applied? Examples?
cancellous bones Ex: femoral condyles and tibial plateaus, ulna
40
What will resists shear forces in the spine?
facet joints and the fibers of the annulus fibrous
41
What are some examples of Shear injuries?
- brain injuries - tibiofemoral translation injuries such as ACL and PCL - blisters - spine injuries (like in flexion or extension)
42
What type of fracture of long bones is an example of torsional load FAILURE?
spiral fractures
43
What can excessive rotational force results in?
failure of any of the elements that resist rotation
44
What are some of the elements that resist rotation, and therefore are at risk of failure when excessive rotational forces are applied? (4)
- Fx of impacted FACET joint - Fx of pars interarticularis - capsular tears - circumferential tears of the annulus
45
What is the mechanical force Bending a combination of?
compression and tension
46
Fractures of what kind of bones frequently occur through the Bending mechanism?
long bones
47
What are the 3 common tissue responses to mechanical loading?
1. Deformation 2. Growth and Remodeling 3. Failure
48
What is local shape change under the effect of applied forces known as?
Deformation
49
Describe how local shape change, aka Deformation, occurs.
when an external forces acts on an object, that object may translate and/or rotate in the direction of the net force/torque--> if that object is subjected to external forces, BUT is in static equilibrium--> then it most likely there will be some local shape change w/in the object (aka deformation)
50
What are four things that the extent of Deformation depends on?
1. material properties 2. size and shape of object 3. env. factors (heat, humidity) 4. Force: magnitude, direction, duration
51
What is the main difference between Stress and Strain?
Stress = measures the INTENSITY of the force (how much load) Strain = measures the DEGREE of DEFORMATION
52
What is the external force acting to deform the material? (aka what is done to the object)
stress
53
What is the magnitude of deformation as a result of the applied stress/loading? (aka how the object responds)
Strain
54
What is the relationship b/w Stress and Strain on a graph?
in general; strain is proportional to stress and the relationship is constant for a given material and a particular type of deformation (not all things have linear relationship)
55
In the addition to the Strain in the direction of the applied stress, where else is there strain?
also strain Orthogonal to the direction of loading | opposite/perpendicular direction
56
Describe the different parts for a soft tissue Stress/Strain Graph.
Elastic = will return to regular shape once remove force Plastic = too much force and will NOT reform Failure = too much force and it "breaks"
57
When we look at Stress/Strain graph, besides showing the amount of force (stress) and deformation (strain), what other 3 qualities does the curve represent of tissue?
1. Strength 2. Ductility 3. Toughness
58
What is the definition of strength?
the maximum STRESS a tissue can withstand w/o PERMANENT deformation
59
What are the 3 types of Strength?
1. yield Strength 2. Ultimate Strength 3. Failure Strength
60
What is Yield Strength?
stress at the yield point of a material beyond which permanent deformation will occur (when will the material yield to that force?)
61
What is Ultimate strength?
the maximal stress that a material can withstand prior to the initiation of failure (how much stress can it take before it fails?)
62
What is the Failure Strength?
the stress at which the material actually breaks or ruptures
63
What is the term that represents the STEEPNESS (slope) of the stress/strain curve?
Ductility (force per unit area required to deform a material)--> Deformation, and Ductility
64
What does it mean when a tissue is Ductile?
it is pliant--> and the tissue will fail at low stress, but can withstand a large strain (can bend it well)
65
What does it mean when a tissue is Brittle?
stiff--> tissue can withstand high stress, but fail with relatively low strain aka low ductility (can withstand a lot of stress, but can't deform easy) Ex: uncooked pasta noodles
66
What does a steep slope on a Stress/Strain graph tell us?
material/tissue is brittle/stiff
67
What does a shallow slope on a Stress/Strain graph tell us?
the material/tissue is ductile/pliable
68
What is the total ENERGY required to cause material failure?
Toughness (it takes a lot of energy to rupture a tough material)
69
How can we estimate toughness on a Stress/Strain graph?
observing the TOTAL AREA under the stress/strain curve
70
What type of strength, ductility, and toughness does bone have?
High strength Low ductility (brittle) Low toughness
71
What type of strength, ductility, and toughness do tendons have?
Moderate Strength Moderate Ductility High toughness
72
What type of strength, ductility, and toughness do ligaments have?
Low Strength High ductility (pliant) Moderate Toughness

Biomechanics (6 decks)

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