1 Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a monomer? (1)

A

A monomer is a small repeating unit from which larger molecules are made of.

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2
Q

Describe the chemical reaction involved in the conversion of polymers to monomers. (1)

A

A hydrolysis reaction breaks a chemical bond between the monomers using water.

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3
Q

Describe the chemical reaction involved in the conversion of monomers to polymers. (1)

A

A condensation reaction joins monomers together through a chemical bond and releases water.

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4
Q

Explain what is meant by a polymer. (1)

A

A polymer is a molecule made up of many monomers joined together through a condensation reaction.

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5
Q

Describe a biochemical test to show that a non-reducing sugar is present. (3)

A

Heat the solution with dilute hydrochloric acid and neutralise with sodium hydrogencarbonate.

Heat with Benedicts solution.

If the solution turns red, a non-reducing sugar is present.

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6
Q

Describe and explain two features of starch that make it a good storage molecule. (2)

A

It is insoluble in water so the water potential is not affected.

Branched chains so it is compact.

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7
Q

Describe the structure of glycogen. (2)

A

It is a polysaccharide, made up of alpha glucose molecules joined by glycosidic bonds.

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8
Q

Name the monomers from which a maltose molecule is made. (1)

A

Glucose and glucose.

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9
Q

Name the type of chemical bond that joins the two monomers to form maltose. (1)

A

Glycosidic

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10
Q

Explain one way in which starch molecules are adapted for their function in plant cells. (2)

A

It is insoluble so does not affect the cell’s water potential.

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11
Q

Explain how cellulose molecules are adapted for their function in plant cells. (3)

A

They have long and straight chains which become linked by hydrogen bonds, forming fibrils. These provide strength to the cell wall.

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12
Q

Name the group represented by COOH. (1)

A

Carboxyl

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13
Q

Describe how you would test for the presence of a lipid in a liquid sample of food. (2)

A

Add ethanol and shake. then add water and shake again. A white emulsion will indicate the presence of a lipid.

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14
Q

Describe how a triglyceride is formed. (3)

A

One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids are joined by condensation reactions with the release of three water molecules, forming ester bonds.

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15
Q

Describe how an ester bond is formed in a phospholipid molecule. (2)

A

A condensation reaction between a glycerol molecule and a fatty acid forms an ester bond between them.

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16
Q

Describe the induced-fit model of enzyme action and how an enzyme acts as a catalyst. (3)

A

The substrate binds to the active site. The active site changes shape so it is complementary to the substrate, reducing the activation energy and acting like a catalyst.

17
Q

A competitive inhibitor decreases the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction. Explain how. (3)

A

An inhibitor of similar shape binds to the active site, preventing an enzyme substrate complex from being formed.

18
Q

Describe how the structure of a protein depends on the amino acid it contains. (5)

A

The structure is determined by the position of the amino acids.

The primary structure refers to the sequence of amino acids.

Then, the secondary structure refers to the structure formed by the hydrogen bonds, resulting in either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.

The tertiary structure refers to the interactions between the R groups resulting in ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds or disulfide bridges.

This creates active sites in enzymes.

The quaternary structure contains one or more polypeptide chain joined together.

19
Q

Describe a biochemical test to confirm the presence of protein in a solution. (2)

A

Add biuret reagent to the solution. If the solution turns purple, a protein is present.

20
Q

Describe how a peptide bond is formed between two amino acids to form a dipeptide. (2)

A

A condensation reaction between amine group and carboxylic group form a peptide bond.

21
Q

Describe the structure of DNA. (5)

A

DNA is a polymer of nucleotides.

Each nucleotide is made up of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base, either adenine, guanine, cytosine or thymine. Between each pair of bases, there are hydrogen bonds.

They have phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides.

The two polynucleotide strands are held by hydrogen bonds. These form a double helix shape.

22
Q

Describe how a phosphodiester bond is formed between two nucleotides within a DNA molecule.

A

A condensation reaction between the phosphate and deoxyribose sugar, catalysed by DNA polymerase.

23
Q

Describe the role of DNA polymerase in the semi-conservative replication of DNA. (2)

A

DNA polymerase joins the adjacent nucleotides and catalyses the condensation reaction between the adjacent nucleotides, forming a phosphodiester bond.

24
Q

Describe two differences between the structure of a tRNA molecule and the structure of an mRNA molecule. (2)

A

Any two of these four for two marks
- tRNA is folded into a ‘clover leaf’ shape, whereas mRNA is linear.
- tRNA has hydrogen bonds, mRNA does not.
- tRNA has amino acid binding site, mRNA does not.
- tRNA has anticodon, mRNA has codon.

25
Q

Describe the function of each of these enzymes :

DNA Helicase

DNA Polymerase

(2)

A

DNA Helicase - unwinds the DNA, breaking hydrogen bonds between the bases.

DNA Polymerase - joins adjacent nucleotides via phosphodiester bond.

26
Q

Contrast the structures of ATP and a nucleotide found in DNA to give two differences. (2)

A
  • ATP has ribose and nucleotide from DNA has deoxyribose sugar.
  • ATP has three phosphate groups and DNA nucleotide has one phosphate group.
27
Q

Describe how an ATP molecule is formed from its component molecules. (4)

A

ATP is made up of an adenine group, a ribose or pentose sugar and three phosphates.
A condensation reaction occurs

28
Q

State and explain the property of water that can help to buffer changes in temperature. (2)

A

Water has a high specific heat capacity. It can gain a lot of energy without changing temperature.

29
Q

Name the two products of ATP hydrolysis. (1)

A
  • Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
  • Inorganic phosphate (Pi)
30
Q

Describe a biochemical test to show that X solution contains a non-reducing sugar. (3)

A

Heat the solution with acid and neutralise.
Then, heat the solution with Benedict’s solution.
If a non-reducing sugar is present, the solution will turn red in colour.

31
Q

Describe the roles of iron ions, sodium ions, and phosphate ions in cells. (5)

A

Haemoglobin binds with oxygen. (iron ions)
Co-transport of glucose into cells because the Na ions are moved out by active transport.
This creates a sodium concentration gradient, affecting water potential.
(sodium ions)
Phosphate ions joins nucleotides in the backbone of DNA/RNA. They are used to produce ATP.
(phosphate ions)

32
Q

The movement of substances across cell membranes is affected by membrane structure. Describe how. (5)

A

Phospholipid bilayer allows movement of lipid soluble substances across the membrane.
Phospholipid bilayer prevents movement of lipid insoluble substances across the membrane.
Carrier proteins allow for active transport of ions across the membrane.
Cholesterol affects the permeability of the membrane.
Channel proteins allow for facilitated diffusion of substances across the membrane.