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As Biology (Year 1) > 1- Biological Molecules > Flashcards

1- Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a monomer

A

Small units which make up larger molecules

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2
Q

What are three examples of monomers

A

Monosaccharides
amino acids
nucleotides

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3
Q

What happens when a condensation reaction joins two molecules together

A

A formation of a chemical bond
Elimination of a water molecule

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4
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction

A

Breaks a chemical bond between two molecules
Through the use of a water molecule

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5
Q

What’s a polymer

A

Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

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6
Q

What’s a monosaccharide

A

Monomers which form larger carbohydrates

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7
Q

Three examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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8
Q

What’s formed between two monosaccharides through a condensation reaction

A

Glycosidic bond

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9
Q

How is a disaccharide formed

A

Condensation of two monosaccharides

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10
Q

How is the disaccharide Maltose formed

A

Condensation of two glucose molecules

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11
Q

How is the disaccharide sucrose formed

A

Condensation of a glucose and fructose molecule

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12
Q

How is the disaccharide lactose formed

A

Condensation of glucose and galactose

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13
Q

What’s an isomer

A

Compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule

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14
Q

What’s the difference between alpha and beta glucose

A

Alpha -OH points down from C1
Beta -OH points up from C1

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15
Q

What’s a polysaccharide

A

Many glucose units joined through a condensation reaction

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16
Q

What glucose makes up glycogen

A

Alpha

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17
Q

What is glycogen

A

Main energy store in animals

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18
Q

What’s the structure and function of glycogen

A

-1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds, large number of side branches, energy is released quickly, enzymes act simultaneously

-Large but compact, maximises energy store

-Insoluble, doesn’t affect water potential

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19
Q

What glucose makes up starch

A

Alpha

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20
Q

What’s amylose

A

Single chain of alpha glucose joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds

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21
Q

What’s amylopectin

A

Branched chain of alpha glucose joined by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

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22
Q

What’s the structure and function of starch

A

Mixture of amylose and amylopectin, hydrolyses, releasing alpha glucose so is transported easily

Insoluble, not effected by water potential

Compact, energy stored in a small space

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23
Q

What glucose is cellulose made from

A

Beta glucose

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24
Q

Structure and function of cellulose

A

Unbranched inverted chains of beta glucose joined by glycosidic bonds

Microfibrils, multiple strong cellulose chains parallel joined by hydrogen bonds, strong cross links

Exerts inward pressure, stops influx of water, turgid and rigid, maximise surface area for photosynthesis

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25
Q

What is a triglyceride

A

3 fatty acids, 1 glycerol
The fatty acid forms an ester bond with the glycerol through a condensation reaction
(Therefore the hydrolysis of a triglyceride produces 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol)

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26
Q

What decides if a triglyceride is a fat or oil

A

Variations in fatty acids
Unsaturated, oil
Saturated, fat

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27
Q

Triglycerides with a single C-C bond in the carboxylic acid group are called

A

Saturated

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28
Q

Triglycerides with a double C=C bond in the carboxylic acid group are called

A

Unsaturated

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29
Q

How are triglycerides excellent stores of energy

A

High ratio of energy storing carbon to hydrogen bonds
Low mass to energy ratio, energy can be stored in a small volume, beneficial to animal, they can carry less mass

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30
Q

How are triglycerides unaffected by water potential when stored

A

Large, non polar molecules, they are insoluble in water

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31
Q

How do triglycerides provide a source of water

A

High ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms, release water when oxidised, important for organisms in dry deserts

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32
Q

What are phospholipids

A

2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol, 1 phosphate molecule attached to head

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33
Q

What does the phosphate molecule do to the head of the phospholipid

A

Hydrophilic, attracts water
It doesn’t interact with fat

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34
Q

What do the fatty acids do to the tail in a phospholipid

A

Hydrophobic, repels water
Mixes readily with fat

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35
Q

Why are phospholipids said to be polar

A

Two ends of the molecule behave differently
In water the hydrophilic ends are closest

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36
Q

Why are lipids good insulators

A

Fats are slow conductors of heat, help to retain body heat, electrical insulators (myelin sheath)

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37
Q

Why are lipids protective

A

Fat is stored around delicate organs like kidneys

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38
Q

What’s a polypeptide

A

A long chain of 3 or more amino acids

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39
Q

Formula of glycine

A

N
C2
H4
O (double bond)
OH

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40
Q

What’s the primary structure of a protein

A

Sequence of amino acids in a peptide chain
Coded for by the DNA in a gene

41
Q

What’s the secondary structure of a protein

A

The way a chain folds due to hydrogen binding between the -NH and C=O group
Spiral- alpha helix
Folds- beta pleated
Hydrogen bonds are affected by pH

42
Q

What’s the tertiary structure of a protein

A

Found in globular proteins (soluble in water)
Disulphide bridges (strong), ionic bonds (weaker than disulphide bonds, easily broken by changes in pH), weaker intermolecular forces form complex 3D shapes
Hydrophobic interactions (if two ‘R groups’ are hydrophobic will cluster away from water)

43
Q

What’s the quaternary structure of a protein

A

More than one polypeptide chain
eg haemoglobin
These also contain prosthetic groups (non polypeptide components such as haem)

44
Q

What’s a dipeptide

A

The condensation of two amino acids

45
Q

What groups do amino acids consist of

A

Amino group -NH2
Carboxylic acid group -COOH
R group, variety of structures

46
Q

What bond is formed between amino acids

A

A peptide bond

47
Q

What’s the test for proteins

A

Biuret test, tests for peptide bonds
Add solution if proteins are present colour change from blue to purple

48
Q

How to test for NON reducing sugars

A

Hydrolyse the sugar by placing food sample in a test tube with equal volume of HCL, boil in a water bath for 5 mins
Add sodium hydrogen carbonate to neutralise the acid
Add solution to equal volume of Benedict’s, if solution turns orange/ brick red high amounts of non reducing sugars are present

49
Q

What type of protein is an enzyme

A

Globular protein

50
Q

What do catalysts do

A

Speed up the rate of a chemical reaction

51
Q

What makes catalysts reusable/economical

A

They aren’t used up in the reaction, provide an alternative pathway for the reaction to occur

52
Q

What is activation energy

A

The minimum amount of energy required to activate a reaction

53
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme

A

A small depression where the enzyme is functional
Where the substrate binds due to bonds between amino acids and groups in the substrate
Active site is complimentary to the substrate

54
Q

Principals and limitations of an early model- lock and key

A

Principals, substrate is complimentary to active site and will only fit that enzyme
Limitations, enzyme is considered to be rigid, but is flexible and can adapt to shape of substrate

55
Q

Principals of induced fit model for enzymes

A

Active site of an enzyme is complimentary to substrate
Enzymes active site changes shape slightly to form an enzyme substrate complex

56
Q

How does an enzymes tertiary structure determine the properties of an enzyme

A

Enzymes have a specific tertiary structure, active site has a specific shape, complimentary to one type of substrate

57
Q

Why are enzymes specific

A

Each enzyme can only catalyse a reaction of a specific substrate

58
Q

The effect of temperature on enzyme action

A

As temp increases so does kinetic energy, more frequent successful collisions, more enzyme substrate complexes are formed, increases rate of reaction
However as temp become too high hydrogen bonds in the enzyme break, enzymes active site denatures

59
Q

Effect of pH on enzyme action

A

A pH too high or low decreases the rate of enzyme action, charges on amino acids are altered, ionic and hydrogen bonding can be broken altering the tertiary structure, changes shape of active site denaturing it

60
Q

Effect of enzyme concentration on rate of reaction

A

As enzyme conc increases so does rate of reaction, however once the substrate becomes a limiting factor the rate of reaction levels off

61
Q

Effect of substrate concentration on rate of reaction

A

As substrate conc increases so does rate of reaction, however once the conc of enzymes becomes a limiting factor the curve levels off

62
Q

What are competitive inhibitors

A

Bind to the active site of an enzyme interfering with its function

63
Q

What are non competitive inhibitors

A

Bind to an enzyme not at the active site interfering with its function

64
Q

How does the concentration of competitive inhibitor affect rate of reaction

A

Decreases rate of reaction, takes longer to reach max rate of reaction, occupies active site of enzyme instead of substrate

65
Q

How does concentration of non competitive inhibitor affect rate of reaction

A

Decreases rate of reaction, alters shape of enzymes active site by binding elsewhere so enzyme is not functional
Due to this an increase in substrate concentration wouldn’t solve the issue

66
Q

What reactions do enzymes catalyse and what does this determine

A

Intracellular and extracellular
Determine structures and functions of cells and organisms

67
Q

What does DNA do

A

Hold genetic information

68
Q

What does RNA do

A

Transfer genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

69
Q

What’s a ribosome made of

A

RNA and proteins

70
Q

What’s DNA and RNA a polymer of

A

Nucleotides

71
Q

What’s a nucleotide composed of

A

Pentose
Nitrogen containing organic base
Phosphate group

72
Q

What’s DNA composed of

A

Pentose (deoxyribose)
Phosphate group
Organic bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine)

73
Q

What’s RNA composed of

A

Pentose (ribose)
Phosphate group
Organic base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil)

74
Q

What reaction occurs between two nucleotides and what bond forms

A

Condensation reaction forming a phosphodiester bond

75
Q

What shape is a DNA molecule

A

Double helix

76
Q

What forces hold the two polynucleotide chains together between specific complimentary base pairs

A

Hydrogen bonds

77
Q

What size is a RNA polynucleotide chain

A

Short

78
Q

What’s are the base-base pairs

A

Adenine-Thymine (uracil in RNA)
Guanine-Cytosine

79
Q

Why did scientists question whether DNA caries the genetic code

A

Simplicity, 4 different bases

80
Q

What’s semi conservative replication

A

In each new DNA molecule, one strand of the molecule is from the original DNA molecule, the other strand is created by the cell

81
Q

Importance of semi conservative replication

A

Ensures continuity between parent cell and daughter cells DNA
When cells are replaced they can carry out same role as old ones

82
Q

Process of semi conservative replication of DNA

A

Enzyme DNA helicase unwinds double helix and breaks hydrogen bonds which are inbetween complimentary bases of the polynucleotide strands
New DNA nucleotides are attracted to exposed bases on template strand by base pairing
Enzyme DNA polymerase joins adjacent nucleotides through a condensation reaction

83
Q

If 28% of bases on a section of DNA were cytosine what are the frequencies of the other three bases

A

Guanine- 28%
Adenine- 22%
Thymine- 22%

84
Q

Evaluate Watson and Crick DNA model

A

Tested by growing bacteria in a medium of N 15 isotope, this is original bacteria.
Bacteria transferred to N 14 only replicating once.
The mass of the DNA was dependant on the method of replication.
DNA was centrifuged, lighter DNA collected at the top of the tube.
1st generation had one heavy strand and one light strand proving semi conservative replication

85
Q

What’s a nucleotide derivative

A

A single molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

86
Q

What makes up ATP

A

Pentose sugar- Ribose
Adenine
3 phosphate groups

87
Q

How is ATP synthesised

A

Through a condensation reaction of ADP and an inorganic phosphate.
Catalysed by enzyme ATP synthase during photosynthesis or respiration

88
Q

What happens in the hydrolysis of ATP

A

Forms adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + inorganic phosphate
Catalysed by enzyme ATP hydrolase
Releases energy
Inorganic phosphate can be used to phosphorylate compounds, make them more reactive

89
Q

How is water a metabolite

A

Takes place in many metabolic reactions like hydrolysis and condensation reactions

90
Q

How is water an important solvent

A

A solvent which allows metabolic reactions to occur

91
Q

What does it mean if water has a high specific heat capacity

A

Buffers changes in temperature

92
Q

What does a high latent heat of vaporisation for water mean

A

Provides a cooling effect with little water loss through evaporation

93
Q

Why is waters strong cohesive properties important

A

Supports columns of water in tube like transport cells of plants
Provides surface tension where water meets air

94
Q

Where are inorganic ions found

A

As a solution in the cytoplasm or In bodily fluids

95
Q

What’s the function of hydrogen ions

A

Determine pH of solutions, functioning of enzymes

96
Q

What’s the function of iron ions

A

Found in haemoglobin, transport oxygen

97
Q

What’s the function of sodium ions

A

Cotransport glucose and amino acids across plasma membranes

98
Q

What’s the function of phosphate ions

A

Structural role in DNA molecules and storing energy in ATP molecules

99
Q

What’s the formula of a fatty acid

A

RCOOH

As Biology (Year 1) (5 decks)

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