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Blood and Immune > 1. Basic Components of Blood > Flashcards

1. Basic Components of Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average human blood volume?

A

5 litres.

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2
Q

What does blood transport and why does it transport these things?

A

Oxygen, glucose, lipids, proteins, essential ions; all required for normal cell functions.

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3
Q

How is arterial pressure maintained?

A

Elastic vessel walls and valves.

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4
Q

Why is venous pressure lower?

A

Lacks smooth muscle walls and valves.

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5
Q

What percentage of blood is lost for you to be in a fatal state and why?

A

20%; tissues starved of water and reduced blood pressure and flow.

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6
Q

What happens to the arteries when you have hypertension?

A

Narrows and hardens.

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7
Q

What happens to you and your blood if you have hypertension?

A

Coagulation.

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8
Q

What happens if your brain undergoes coagulation?

A

Stroke.

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9
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

A major protein in erythrocytes.

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10
Q

How much RBC make up total blood volume?

A

45%

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11
Q

How much haemoglobin make up RBC?

A

96%

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12
Q

What does the haemoglobin molecule contain?

A

4 haem molecules each containing Fe3+.

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13
Q

RBC bind oxygen better than what?

A

If oxygen was simply dissolved in blood.

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14
Q

What is the partial pressure of lungs?

A

100 mM Hg.

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15
Q

What happens if the partial pressure of lungs drop?

A

The oxygen freely associates with Fe3+ and is replaced by CO2.

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16
Q

Name 2 lethal molecules which bind Fe3+ better than oxygen.

A

CN and CO.

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17
Q

What oxidase does the Fe3+ that CN targets contain?

A

Mitochondrial cytochrome C.

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18
Q

What happens to your heart when cyanide is inhaled?

A

Heart muscle stops within seconds.

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19
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin has what ligand, colour, and condition?

A

O2, bright red, normal oxygenated blood.

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20
Q

Carbamihaemoglobin has what ligand, colour, and condition?

A

CO2, dark red, venous (poorly oxygenated) blood.

21
Q

Carboxyhaemoglobin has what ligand, colour, and condition?

A

CO, cherry red, carbon monoxide poisoning.

22
Q

Cyanomihaemoglobin has what ligand, colour, and condition?

A

CN, pink, cyanide poisoning.

23
Q

What is the normal level of pH and how high or low can this pH get until it gets to acidosis and alkalosis?

A

7.4; 0.2.

24
Q

What are the blood buffers?

A

Albumin, phosphate, bicarbonate, creatinine, other compounds.

25
Q

What does blood separate into after centrifugation?

A

RBC (40%), buffy coat (10%), and plasma (50%).

26
Q

What is plasma the liquid fraction of? Is it viscous?

A

Uncoagulated blood; yes.

27
Q

What remains after coagulation? What colour?

A

Serum; yellow (white after a fatty meal).

28
Q

Why is fibrinogen not in serum?

A

Formed insoluble fibrin clot.

29
Q

What 5 protein fractions does serum separate into in electrophoresis?

A

Albumin, alpha 1, alpha 2, beta, gamma.

30
Q

What are the 5 major proteins of blood?

A

Albumin, fibrinogen, immunoglobin, complement, coagulation.

31
Q

Albumin makes up how much percentage of total blood protein?

A

50%.

32
Q

What are the functions of albumin?

A

Maintain osmotic pressure, and transports small proteins and molecules.

33
Q

What relation does albumin have with pharmaceutical drugs?

A

Affects bio-availability by binding to them.

34
Q

How abundant is fibrinogen compared to the other proteins?

A

Second most abundant protein.

35
Q

How does fibrinogen form fibrin?

A

Cleavage by enzyme protease thrombin.

36
Q

Which fraction of electrophoresis is immunoglobin found?

A

Gamma.

37
Q

What are immunoglobins responsible for?

A

Humoral (fluid) immunity.

38
Q

What are immunoglobins formed by?

A

Plasma cells

39
Q

What does the end-stage B-lymphocyte form?

A

Plasma cells

40
Q

How much do immunoglobins make up proteins?

A

10%

41
Q

Which protein is involved in multiple myeloma?

A

Immunoglobin

42
Q

What are complement proteins composed of?

A

Zymogens

43
Q

Function of complement proteins?

A

Phagocytosis

44
Q

What is the most abundant type of Cā€™ protein?

A

C3

45
Q

What is the range of Cā€™ components?

A

C1 - C9

46
Q

When are complement proteins stable and unstable?

A

Stable as zymogens, unstable when cleaved (breakdown rapidly).

47
Q

How many proteins make up coagulation proteins?

A

13

48
Q

Function of coagulation proteins?

A

Initiate cleavage of fibrinogen to fibrin to form the clot.

49
Q

Function of zymogens?

A

Phagocytosis.

Blood and Immune (3 decks)

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