1. Basic Components of Blood

Question 1

What is the average human blood volume?

Answer 1

5 litres.

Question 2

What does blood transport and why does it transport these things?

Answer 2

Oxygen, glucose, lipids, proteins, essential ions; all required for normal cell functions.

Question 3

How is arterial pressure maintained?

Answer 3

Elastic vessel walls and valves.

Question 4

Why is venous pressure lower?

Answer 4

Lacks smooth muscle walls and valves.

Question 5

What percentage of blood is lost for you to be in a fatal state and why?

Answer 5

20%; tissues starved of water and reduced blood pressure and flow.

Question 6

What happens to the arteries when you have hypertension?

Answer 6

Narrows and hardens.

Question 7

What happens to you and your blood if you have hypertension?

Answer 7

Coagulation.

Question 8

What happens if your brain undergoes coagulation?

Answer 8

Stroke.

Question 9

What is haemoglobin?

Answer 9

A major protein in erythrocytes.

Question 10

How much RBC make up total blood volume?

Answer 10

45%

Question 11

How much haemoglobin make up RBC?

Answer 11

96%

Question 12

What does the haemoglobin molecule contain?

Answer 12

4 haem molecules each containing Fe3+.

Question 13

RBC bind oxygen better than what?

Answer 13

If oxygen was simply dissolved in blood.

Question 14

What is the partial pressure of lungs?

Answer 14

100 mM Hg.

Question 15

What happens if the partial pressure of lungs drop?

Answer 15

The oxygen freely associates with Fe3+ and is replaced by CO2.

Question 16

Name 2 lethal molecules which bind Fe3+ better than oxygen.

Answer 16

CN and CO.

Question 17

What oxidase does the Fe3+ that CN targets contain?

Answer 17

Mitochondrial cytochrome C.

Question 18

What happens to your heart when cyanide is inhaled?

Answer 18

Heart muscle stops within seconds.

Question 19

Oxyhaemoglobin has what ligand, colour, and condition?

Answer 19

O2, bright red, normal oxygenated blood.

Question 20

Carbamihaemoglobin has what ligand, colour, and condition?

Answer 20

CO2, dark red, venous (poorly oxygenated) blood.

Question 21

Carboxyhaemoglobin has what ligand, colour, and condition?

Answer 21

CO, cherry red, carbon monoxide poisoning.

Question 22

Cyanomihaemoglobin has what ligand, colour, and condition?

Answer 22

CN, pink, cyanide poisoning.

Question 23

What is the normal level of pH and how high or low can this pH get until it gets to acidosis and alkalosis?

Answer 23

7.4; 0.2.

Question 24

What are the blood buffers?

Answer 24

Albumin, phosphate, bicarbonate, creatinine, other compounds.

Question 25

What does blood separate into after centrifugation?

Answer 25

RBC (40%), buffy coat (10%), and plasma (50%).

Question 26

What is plasma the liquid fraction of? Is it viscous?

Answer 26

Uncoagulated blood; yes.

Question 27

What remains after coagulation? What colour?

Answer 27

Serum; yellow (white after a fatty meal).

Question 28

Why is fibrinogen not in serum?

Answer 28

Formed insoluble fibrin clot.

Question 29

What 5 protein fractions does serum separate into in electrophoresis?

Answer 29

Albumin, alpha 1, alpha 2, beta, gamma.

Question 30

What are the 5 major proteins of blood?

Answer 30

Albumin, fibrinogen, immunoglobin, complement, coagulation.

Question 31

Albumin makes up how much percentage of total blood protein?

Answer 31

50%.

Question 32

What are the functions of albumin?

Answer 32

Maintain osmotic pressure, and transports small proteins and molecules.

Question 33

What relation does albumin have with pharmaceutical drugs?

Answer 33

Affects bio-availability by binding to them.

Question 34

How abundant is fibrinogen compared to the other proteins?

Answer 34

Second most abundant protein.

Question 35

How does fibrinogen form fibrin?

Answer 35

Cleavage by enzyme protease thrombin.

Question 36

Which fraction of electrophoresis is immunoglobin found?

Answer 36

Gamma.

Question 37

What are immunoglobins responsible for?

Answer 37

Humoral (fluid) immunity.

Question 38

What are immunoglobins formed by?

Answer 38

Plasma cells

Question 39

What does the end-stage B-lymphocyte form?

Answer 39

Plasma cells

Question 40

How much do immunoglobins make up proteins?

Answer 40

10%

Question 41

Which protein is involved in multiple myeloma?

Answer 41

Immunoglobin

Question 42

What are complement proteins composed of?

Answer 42

Zymogens

Question 43

Function of complement proteins?

Answer 43

Phagocytosis

Question 44

What is the most abundant type of C' protein?

Answer 44

C3

Question 45

What is the range of C' components?

Answer 45

C1 - C9

Question 46

When are complement proteins stable and unstable?

Answer 46

Stable as zymogens, unstable when cleaved (breakdown rapidly).

Question 47

How many proteins make up coagulation proteins?

Answer 47

13

Question 48

Function of coagulation proteins?

Answer 48

Initiate cleavage of fibrinogen to fibrin to form the clot.

Question 49

Function of zymogens?

Answer 49

Phagocytosis.