1(b) Variety of Living Organisms Flashcards
Plants
Students should know
Multicellular organism; thir cells contain chloroplasts and are ableto carry out photosynthesis; their ells have cellulose cell walls; they store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose. Examples include flowering plants, such as a cereal (maize), and a herbaceous legume (peas or beans)
Animals
Students should know
Multicellular organism; their cells do not contain chloroplasts and are not able to carry out photosyntheses; they have no cell walls; they usually have nervous co-ordination and are able to move from one place to another; they often store carbohydrates as glycogen. Examples include mammals, and insects.
Fungi
Students should know
Organisms unable to carry out photosyntheses; their body is usually organised into a mycelium made from thread-like structures called hyphae, which contain many nuclei; some examples are single-celled; their cells have walls made out of chitin; they feed by extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes onto food material and absorption of the organic products; this is known as saprotrophic nutrition; they may store carbohydrate as glycogen. Examples include Mucor, which is single-celled.
Protoctists
Students should know
Microscopic single-celled organism. Some have animal cell like features like Amoeba others are more like plants like Chlorella which contain chloroplasts. Plasmodium the pathogenic example for causing malaria.
Describe the common features shown by the prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria
Students should know
Microscopic single-celled organism; they have a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and plasmids; they lack a nucleus but contain a circular chromosome of DNA; some bacteria can carry out photosynthesis but most feed off other living or dead organisms. Examples include Lactobacillus bulgaricus, a rod-shaped bacterium used in the production of yoghurt from milk, and Pneumococcus, a spherical bacterium that acts as the pathogen causing pneumonia.
Understand the term pathogen and know that pathogens may include fungi, bacteria, protoctists or viruses
Students should know
Not living organisms. Smaller than bacteria; they are parasitic and can reproduce only inside living cells; they infect every type of living organism. They have no cellular structure but have a protein coat and contain one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA. Examples include the tobacco mosaic virus that causes discolouring in tobacco plant leaves by preventing the formation of chloroplasts, the influenza virus that causes ‘flu’ and the HIV virus that causes AIDS.
Photosythesis
A chemical reaction in plants that uses light energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water to glucose and oxygen.
Cytoplasm
The material inside a cell in which cellular structures are found. Site of many chemical reaction within the cell.
Ribosome
Organelle in a cell where protein synthesis occurs.
Protoctists
Microscopic, single-celled organism. Examples include Plasmodium and chlorella.
Viruses
Very small, non-living particles that can only reproduce inside living cells. Possess a protein coat and genetic material only.
Organ
Group of tissues with a common function
Plasmodium
A pathogenic example of a protoctist that causes malaria.
Cell wall
Strong, freely permeable structure around the outside of plant cells. Made of cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi.
HIV
An example of a virus that causes AIDS.
Hyphae
Thread-like structures, often containing many nuclei. Found in fungi.
Fungi
Organism that feed by saprotrophic nutrition. Have a body made up of mycelium containing many hyphae and cell walls containing chitin. Act as decomposers.
Mucor
An example of a multicellular fungus.
Prokaryote
An organism that does not have a nucleus. Mostly the bacteria kingdom.
Legume
A group of plants that includes peas and beans.
Organelle
Structure inside a cell, e.g. chloroplast or mitochondrion.
Chloroplasts
Organelle inside plant cells. Site of photosythesis reactions. Contains chlorophyll.
Starch
Glucose storage molecule found in plant cells
Yeast
An example of a single-celled fungus
Chlorella
An example of a protoctist that has chloroplasts and similar feature to a plant cell
Selectively permeable
Barrier that only allows certain molecules to cross.
Animals
Multicellular organisms that cannot photosynthesise. They store carbohydrates as glycogen.
Pathogen
An organism which causes disease.
Mitochondria
Organelle found inside cells. Site of respiration reaction.
Multicellular
Used to descrive an organism that is made up of more than one cell.
Tissue
Group of similar cells with the same function.
Cellulose
Carbohydrate used to make plant cell walls.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid. The genetic material found inside most organisms’ cells.
Nucleus
Organelle that controls the activities of a cell. Contains DNA.
Bacteria
Single-celled organisms with no nuclei. Some can photosynthesis. Some are decomposers, decaying dead organic matter.
Lactobacillus
An example of a bacterium used in yoghurt production.
Organ system
Group of organs with a common function.
Starch
A carbohydrate that is used to store glucose in plant cells.
Vacuole
Structure inside a plant cell that is used to store minerals and sugar solution.
Cell membrane
Selectively permeable barrier surrounding the cell. Made largely of lipid molecules.
Glycogen
Glucose storage molecule found in animal and fungal cells.
Flagelum
Long projection from a bacterial cell that allows movement.
Plants
Multicellular organisms that are able to photosynthesise. Store sugar as starch and have cellulose cell walls.
Chitin
Substance used to make fungal cell walls.
Pneumococcus
An example of a bacterium that causes pneumonia
Mycelium
The main body of a fungus. Made of many hyphae.
Saprotrophic nutrition
Method of feeding in fungi where digestive enzymes are secreted onto food material and the products are absorbed.
Eukaryote
An organism that has a nucleus. Plant, Animal, Protoctists and Fungi.
Amoeba
An example of a protoctist that lives in water and has similar features to an animal cell.
