1. Atomic structure Flashcards
What are atoms made up of?
Protons, neutrons and electrons
What did early models of atomic structure predict?
Early models of atomic structure predicted that atoms and ions with Nobel gas electron arrangements should be stable.
What are protons and neutrons also called?
Nucleons
What value do we use in practice because of the minute masses and charges of sub-atomic particles?
Relative masses and charges
In a neutral atom, the number of electrons must be the….
Same as the number of protons
Which force are protons and neutrons in the nucleus held together by?
The strong nuclear force
Which force is the strong nuclear force stronger than?
The electrostatic forces that hold electrons and protons together in the atoms. Hence, it overcomes the repulsion between protons in the nucleus.
What is the relative mass of an electron?
1/1840
The number of electrons in each shell/orbital is equal to:
2n^2
Electrons diagrams are…
The number of electrons in each shell, starting with the inner shell and working outwards (separated by a comma).
What do the number of electrons in the outer shell of an atom determine?
The chemical properties of an element (how it reacts)
How do isotopes of the same element react chemically in relation to one another?
Different isotopes of the same element react chemically in exactly the same way.
How do the isotopes of carbon combust?
All three types of carbon burn in oxygen to form carbon dioxide
Radioactive isotopes decay at a rate measured by its half-life. What is a half life?
The time taken for half of its radioactivity to decay.
What is the well–known radioactive carbon isotope called?
Carbon-14
What is carbon-14 used to do?
Date organic matter. All living matter contains a small amount of carbon-14. The amount remaining is measured, this can be used to deduce the age of the matter.
See mass spectrometry questions
See mass spectrometry questions
What is an application of the mass spectrometer?
Space probes carry mass spectrometers to identify the elements in rock samples.
Electrons in different main levels have the same or different amounts of energy?
They have differing amounts of energy.
Apart from the first level which only has an s sub-level, the main energy levels are divided into sub-levels. What are they called?
S,p,d,f They have slightly different energies.
What volume in space does an electron fill?
It’s atomic orbital
How many electrons can a single atomic orbital possess?
A maximum of two electrons.
p-orbitals always come in groups of…
Three (6 electrons)
d-orbitals always come in groups of…
Five (10 electrons)
Electrons have a property called…
Spin
Two electrons in the same orbital have what type of spin?
They have opposite spins
How is the spin of of an electron represented?
The electrons are represented by arrows pointing up or down to show the different directions of spin.
What is the shape of an s-orbital?
Spherical
What is the shape of an p-orbital?
An 8 shape
What is the shape of a d-orbital?
Four-leaf clover and one with and 8 with a ring round it
