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A LEVEL RE - PHILOSOPHY > (1) ANCIENT PHILOPSHICAL INFLUENCES > Flashcards

(1) ANCIENT PHILOPSHICAL INFLUENCES Flashcards

1
Q

What does PLATO argue about the World which is INFLEUNCED BY HERACLITUS?

A

EVERYTHING in the PHYSICAL WORLD is CONSTANTLY ‘IN FLUX ‘ - in a constant process of change.

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2
Q

What does PLATO BELIEVE ABOUT KNOWLEDGE

  • what type of philosopher was he
  • what he concludes
A

Believes that the ONLY KIND of KNOWLEDGE that is TRUE and certain is logical APRIORI , knowledge which COMES FROM REASON

Concludes :
- TRUE KNOWLEDGE comes from the WORLD OF FORMS
- BELIEFS and OPINION (doxa) comes from senses
true knowledge exists separately from the world of the sense

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3
Q

What does PLATO Reject about being a place of true knowledge

A

He REJECTS the PHYSICAL WORLD as a PLACE of TRUE KNOWLEDGE , because its Physical, spatial and Temporal , therefore, EVERYTHING IN IT CHANGES, DECAYS and EVENTUALLY DIES

Things must be FIXED and CERTAIN in order to face fixed and certain knowledge.

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4
Q

What are the 2 AIMS for why PLATO put his THEORY OF THE FORMS?

A

2 MAIN AIMS

(1) to EXPLAIN WHY THINGS in the world CHANGE
(2) to SET OUT HOW we can GAIN TRUE and CERTAIN KNOWLEDGE

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5
Q

What are the 2 WORLD (REALMS) that PLATO puts forward?

A

the WORLD of APPEARANCES - our Physical world

the WORLD the FORMS - concepts

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6
Q

What are 5 CHARACTERISTICS of the WORLD of APPEARANCES

A
  • TEMPORAL (in time)
  • PHYSICAL
  • KNOWN THROUGH EMPIRICAL SENSE
  • CONSTANTLY CHANGING
  • IMPERFECT
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7
Q

What are 5 CHARACTERISTICS of the WORLD of THE FORMS

A
  • OUTSIDE TIME
  • NON PHYSICAL (spiritual)
  • KNOWN THROUGH REASON
  • UNCHANGING (immutable)
  • PERFECT
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8
Q

What does PLATO believe about our Understanding of the World of the FORMS?

A

believes that we have an INNATE (natural) UNDERSTANDING of the FORMS FROM BIRTH - an ability to recognise them, even if we don’t realise

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9
Q

What does PLATO believe about FORGETFULNESS

A

believes that EVERY HUMAN was MADE UP of a BODY and a SOUL

when WE DIE, the SOUL SURVIVES and is REPEDATELDY RE-BORN in a NEW BODY (the soul is immortal)

our SOULS LIVED in the REALM of the FORMS BEFORE being BORN into the MATERIAL WORLD as Humans

The CONSEQUENCE of this is that we FORGOT the REALM OF THE FORMS
We GLIMPSE the Forms. The More we Reflect, the Clearer our memory believes

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10
Q

What does PLATO believe about the HIERARCHY of the FORMS

A

Forms are arranged in a Hierachy

Top to Bottom : Form of Good, Higher Forms, Lower Forms, Material Objects , Images

HIgher Forms are concepts such as Honesty

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11
Q

What does PLATO believe about the THE FORM OF THE GOOD

A

The Form of Goodness is the PUREST, MOST ABSTRACT of all the Forms - the FURTHEST AWAY from the PHYSICAL World

TRUE KNOWLEDGE is Knowledge of the Form of the Good

Plato believes WE RECOGNISE acts of GOODNESS in our PHYSICAL WORLD (innate knowledge) - but these ACTS are NOT PERFECT GOODNESS - in our changing world , NOTHING IS EVER PERFECT

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12
Q

What is the MATHEMATICAL REASONING from PLATO?

A

PLATO believed that the 2 REALMS are IN RATIO of EACHOTHER
In our Physical World, we need:
- EYES to see objects
- LIGHT from the sun to illuminate the objects
In the REALM of the FORMS , we need:
- our INTELECT (the ‘mind’s eye’) to appreciate the Forms
- the FORM of the GOOD to illuminate our understanding
So , the Form of the Good ILLUMINATES all the other Forms - which all participate in the Form of Good

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13
Q

What are the HIGHER FORMS?

A

the higher forms are ABSTRACT CONCEPTS such as Truth, Beauty, Justice

these are all aspects of GOODNESS because they ALL PARTICIPATE in the PERFECTION of the FORM of the GOOD

For Plato we HAVE INNATE KNOWLEDGE of the FORMS and this ENABLES US to BEHAVE IN a MORAL WAY

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14
Q

What are the HIGHER FORMS?

A

the higher forms are ABSTRACT CONCEPTS such as Truth, Beauty, Justice
these are all aspects of GOODNESS because they ALL PARTICIPATE in the PERFECTION of the FORM of the GOOD
For Plato we HAVE INNATE KNOWLEDGE of the FORMS and this ENABLES US to BEHAVE IN a MORAL WAY

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15
Q

Explain the Higher Form of Plato - THE FORM OF BEAUTY

A

we Recognise MANY DIFFERENT BEAUTIFUL THINGS in our world (for Plato this is EVIDENCE that the FORM OF BEAUTY EXISTS)
However, in our changing world, nothing is ever perfect. So, while these are ASPECTS of BEAUTY, they’re NOT BEAUTY ITSELF - the Form of Beauty. Only the timeless, spaceless world of the Forms represents true perfection
THINGS our world are CONSIDERED BEAUTIFUL in some way they RESEMBLE the FORM of BEAUTY

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16
Q

Why did PLATO DISTRUST the SENSE?

A

All Things Experienced through the Senses are Particular things, our Knowledge of Them is MIXED, some is correct, some is incorrect , some is incomplete

17
Q

Describe PLATO’S ANALOGY of the CAVE , which Illustartes his Theory of the Forms

A
  • PRISONERS Birth CHAINED by Their Neck & Ankles with the ROAD BEHIND THEM on the other side of wall, chained so they can ONLY LOOK towards Wall in front
  • BEHIND them, PEOPLE WALK along the Road, CARRYING OBJECTS which Cast SHADOWS. Was also a FIRE that Cast the Shadows. They BELIEVE the shadows are the ONLY REALITY that Exists. They HEAR NOISES behind them. since they’ve Only Ever Seen a WALL, they believe that the Sounds are COMING FROM the SHADOWS
  • One Day, PRISONER is RELEASED from CAVE, SEE the REAL OBJECTS Carried by the Men - Finds this DIFFICULT to UNDERSTAND at FIRST, LEARNS that what he PREVIOUSLY BELIEVED was an ILLUSION
18
Q

What does PLATO try to tell us Through his ANALOGY of the CAVE

A

try’s to CONVINCE us or help us TRY UNDERSTAND and CONSIDER the WORLD as One of ILLUSION and the REALM of FORMS as the REALM of the TRUTH

19
Q

What are 3 CRITICISMS of PLATO’S FORMS

A
  • Plato ASSERTS that the WORLD of FORMS EXISTS - but Provides NO EVIDENCE or Reasons FOR ACCEPTING this
  • WEAK Argument : you Can’t Expect there to be Physical Evidence of a Non-Physical World
  • It’s UNREASONABLE to SAY that this WORLD ISN’T REALITY. His Theory is Too Abstract - Modern people race importance on the world we experience here and now, through the senses. Wanting something to be certain doesn’t make it certain
20
Q

What is an Aristotle Criticism of PLATO’S FORMS

A

he Points out that FORMS have NO PRACTICAL VALUE

Knowledge of the FORM of HEALTH, for example, this DOESN’T HELP in DIAGNOSIS or treatment

21
Q

What are 2 STRENGTHS of PLATO’S FORMS

A
  • INNATE KNOWLEDGE - we Do Seem to Have Innate (intuitive) Knowledge. We Recognise that an animal is a cat or dog - even if we haven’t seen that particular type before. it Could be Argued that This is Because of our Innate Knowledge of the Form
  • MATHEMATICS - the laws of maths exist, are true, eternal and don’t depend on the existence of the universe. We Discover the Rules. Same with the World of the Forms - it’s True, Exists and Is External
22
Q

What did ARISTOTLE argue?

A

Argued that we GAIN KNOWLEDGE FROM our OBSERVATIONS and EXPERIENCE
Wanted to Understand : Why Everything is In a Constant State of Change and Motion , How things Maintain their Identity through Change

23
Q

What did ARISTOTLE mean by ACTUALITY and POTENTIALITY

A

EVERYTHING in the UNIVERSE Moves Constantly Between ACTUALITY and POTENTIALITY

24
Q

What does ARISTOTLE Argue about the Causes and Name 4 Causes

A

He ASSERTS that ALL CHANGE in the WORLD can be EXPLAINED by 4 CAUSES

  • MATERIAL
  • EFFICIENT
  • FORMAL
  • FINAL
25
Q

Explain what ARISTOTLE’S 4 CAUSES Mean

A

MATERIAL - the Matter that Something is Made Of e.g silver ring is Silver
EFFICIENT - the Process that Something Coming into Existence the siversmith
FORMAL - it’s Shape, Form or Characteristics
FINAL - the Purpose of Something - why is it here

26
Q

What does ARISTOTLE argue about PURPOSE

A

EVERYTHING has a PURPOSE

27
Q

What are 2 REASONS Why ARISTOTLE’S THEORY of the Causes Explain Something about the World and 1 Against Point

A

+ EASILY APPLICABLE and can be APPLIED to MANY things that already EXIST
+ PRIME MOVER
- He assumes there being a reason for things being true. RUSSEL - “ THE UNIVERSE IS JUST THERE AND THAT’S ALL “ - pointless to think it has a purpose. Relies on Senses - PROBLEM of OTHER MINDS
Aristotle reasoning provides PROBABILITY, NOT CERTAINITY

28
Q

How did ARISTOTLE Come Up with His Theory of The Prime Mover

A

Concluded there’s some kind of Efficient Cause - Performing Actions that Causes the Change in the Universe
THINKING about the PURPOSE of the UNIVERSE as a Whole, and WHAT CAUSES OBJECTS to ACTUALISE Their POTENTIAL

29
Q

Explain the PRIME MOVER

A

PM is the FINAL CAUSE of the UNIVERSE and the EFFICIENT CAUSE that Causes All the Change and Motion. It’s a TRANSCENDANT, NON PHYICAL being that Brings about Change by ATTRACTING EVERYTHING TOWARDS ITS PERFECTION and it’s ACTUALITY. Explain the World in a More Logical Way as it’s IMPASSIVE , whereas Christian God is Perfect, but allows Evil Exist

30
Q

Explain ARISTOTLE’S GEOCENTRCIC VIEW of the UNIVERSE

A

PM EXPLAINS WHY Planets Move in Predictable Rotations and How it Happens - 1st Ring Moves the 2nd which moves the 3rd etc… PM MOVES 4OTH RING

31
Q

RATIONLISM VS EMIRICSM OR PM VS FOTG

A

A LEVEL RE - PHILOSOPHY (8 decks)

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