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Principles Histology > 1: Anatomy of the cell > Flashcards

1: Anatomy of the cell Flashcards

1
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of the microscopic structure of tissues

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2
Q

What is a cell?

A

Basic structural unit of all organisms

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3
Q

What is the most common molecule found in cells?

A

Water

(on average, 80% of a cell is water)

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4
Q

All eukaryotic cells have an outer ___.

A

membrane

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5
Q

What is the inner cytosol of a cell?

A

Solution of proteins, carbohydrates and electrolytes

sol

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6
Q

What structure, made up of filaments and microtubules, determines the shape of a cell?

A

Cytoskeleton

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7
Q

What is another name for the cell membrane?

A

Plasmalemma

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8
Q

The plasma membrane has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic elements - what name is given to this characteristic?

A

Amphipathic

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9
Q

What amphipathic structure is found in the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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10
Q

Name some examples of integral proteins found in the plasma membrane.

A

Channels

Transporters

Receptors

Enzymes

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11
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Movement of material out of the cell membrane via secretory vesicles

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12
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Movement of material into a cell via the cell membrane

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13
Q

The phospholipids within the cell membrane move around millions of times per second - this renders the membrane ___.

A

fluid

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14
Q

The cell membrane is selectively ___.

A

permeable

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15
Q

What can passively diffuse through the cell membrane?

A

Water

Oxygen

a few others

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16
Q

Without the action of transporters, what is the cell membrane impermeable to?

A

Charged ions (Na+, K+ etc.)

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17
Q

Which two types of protein are found in the cell membrane?

A

Integral (embedded or transmembrane)

Peripheral (fixed to surface)

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18
Q

Which lipid is found in the cell membrane?

A

Cholesterol

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19
Q

The cytoplasm contains a lot of different structures. What are the two broad classes of these structures?

A

Organelles

or

Inclusions

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20
Q

Organelles are (essential for life / dispensable).

Inclusions are (essential for life / dispensable).

A

Organelles - essential for life

Inclusions - dispensable

21
Q

What happens in the mitochondria?

A

Aerobic respiration (energy production)

22
Q

The cytoskeleton is made up of three main classes of filament. What are they called?

A

Microfilaments

Intermediate filaments

Microtubules

23
Q

Intermediate filaments

Microtubules

Microfilaments

Arrange from narrowest to widest in diameter.

A

Microfilaments

Intermediate tubules

Microtubules

24
Q

Which protein, also found in muscle cells, makes up microfilaments in the cytoskeleton?

A

Actin

25
Q

Which protein and its subunits make up microtubules?

A

Tubulins (alpha and beta)

26
Q

During mitosis, which structure do microtubules originate from?

A

Centrosome

27
Q

Kinesin uses microtubules to move organelles and inclusions towards the cell’s ____.

(centre / periphery)

A

periphery

28
Q

Dynein uses microtubules to move organelles / inclusions towards the cell’s ___.

(centre / periphery)

A

centre

29
Q

Dynein and kinesin use energy gained from the hydrolysis of ___.

A

ATP

30
Q

What is contained within the nucleus?

A

Chromosomes

Nucleolus (site of rRNA synthesis)

31
Q

What name is given to the combined inner and outer nuclear membranes?

A

Nuclear envelope

32
Q

What is found between the inner and outer nuclear membranes?

What is this space continuous with?

A

Perinuclear cistern

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

33
Q

Where are the ribosomes formed before they can be found attached to the RER?

A

Nucleolus

34
Q

Why is the rough endoplasmic reticulum rough?

A

Studded with ribosomes

35
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Passes synthesised protein from the ribosomes to the Golgi apparatus for packaging

36
Q

Cells with lots of RER tend to ___ protein.

A

export

37
Q

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis of ___.

A

lipids

38
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modification and packaging of proteins synthesised in the ER

39
Q

Name the organelles involved in the synthesis, modification and packaging of protein.

A

Ribosomes

RER

SER

Golgi apparatus

40
Q

What is the main function of the mitochondria?

A

Generation of ATP

(From GI: lipid anabolism)

41
Q

What are the folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria?

A

Cristae

42
Q

Mitochondria have their own ___.

A

DNA

43
Q

If a cell has a lot of mitochondria, it must require a lot of energy. What does this suggest about the metabolic activity of the cell?

A

Metabolically active

44
Q

Lipid droplets, commonly found in adipose cells, are examples of (organelles / inclusions).

A

inclusions

45
Q

Which type of junction prevents diffusion between cells by closely binding them together?

A

Tight junctions / Occluding junctions / Zonula occludens

46
Q

Which type of junction involves the ‘bolting together’ of cells by microfilaments?

A

Adherent junctions / Zonula adherens

47
Q

Name an example of an adherent junction.

A

Desmosomes

48
Q

Which type of junction permits selective diffusion of molecules between cells?

A

Gap junctions / Communicating junctions

49
Q

An example of a gap junction is that made by ___ proteins.

A

connexon

Principles Histology (4 decks)

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