1. Anatomy of the brain Flashcards
What is biopsychology?
It is the scientific study of the biology of behaviour (Pinel, 2018). It systematically investigates overt behaviour and underlying internal processes. A teamwork effort where the knowledge of behaviour and behavioural research is crucial.
What are the “bio” branches of biopsychology?
Neuroanatomy Neuro-endocrinology Neuro-chemistry Neuropathology Neuropharmacology NeuroPhysiology
neuroanatomy
structure nervous system
neuroendocrinology
nervous/endocrine system
neurochemistry
chemical basis of neural activity
neuropathology
nervous system disorders
neuropharmacology
effects of drugs
neurophysiology
function nervous system
what are the psychological branches of biopsychology?
Physiological psychology psychopharmacology neuropsychology psychophysiology cognitive neuroscience competitive psychology
Physiological psychology
studies behaviour based on neural mechanisms - animal research
psychopharmacology
studies neural activity and behaviour manipulated with drugs - animal and human research
neuropsychology
studies psychological effects of brain damage in human patients
psychophysiology
studies the relation between physiological activity and psychological processes - human research
cognitive neuroscience
studies the neural bases of cognitive (higher intellectual processes; e.g. memory and attention); human research
competitive psychology
studies the biological basis of behaviour, often times across species
what are the two divisions of the brain
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
what are the divisions of the central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
what are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
what are the divisions of the somatic nervous system and autonomic?
afferent nerves and efferent nerves
what are the divisions of the efferent nerves in the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
what is afferent?
CNS approach (approach)
what is efferent?
away from the CNS (exit)
how much does the adult human brain weigh?
about 3 pounds (1.3-1.4 kgs)
about 2% of the total body weight
how much energy does the brain consume?
about 20% of the total energy consumption
what is the surface area of the cerebral cortex?
about 2500sq. cm (0.25sq.m ~2.5sq.ft
how many neurons are in the adult brain?
90 billion
how many connections are estimated to be in the human brain?
100 trillion connections
meninges
membranes around the brain
what are the three kinds of meninges?
dura matter
arachnoid menix
pia matter
what are cerebrospinal fluids?
acts as shock absorber; mediates between blood vessels and brain tissue
from the scalp, what is the order do the kinds of meninges?
(scalp)
(skull)
- dura matter
- arachnoid meninx
- pia matter
(cortex)
what are protectors of the brain?
meninges
cerebrospinal fluid
ventricular system
choroid plexus secretes CST
what is in the choroid plexus secretes CSF?
lateral ventrical
third ventrical
fourth ventricle
what is the total volume of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain?
125-150mL
how much cerebrospinal fluid is produced?
400-500 mL produced every day
what does cerebrospinal fluid look like?
clear and colourless
blood-brain barrier
specially structured cerebral blood vessels with tightly packed walls, which prevents influx of many toxic substances (but not dependent on size!). can be penetrated
anterior - posterior
front - back
dorsal - ventral
toward top / at back - under/belly/front
medial/lateral
towards the middle/towards the sides
what are the planes of the brain?
sagattal plant
horizontal plane
cross section
frontal plant
horizontal plane
cuts the brain in half horizontally
frontal plane
cuts the brain in half vertically from left to right
cross section
cuts horizontally across the brain stem
what are the major divisions of the brain?
forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain
sections of the forebrain
telencephalon
diencephalon
another word for midbrain
mesencephalon
sections of the hindbrain
metencephalon
myelencephalon
telencephalon
two (mostly) symmetrical hemispheres.
what are the sections of the telencephalon?
longitudinal fissure precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex) central fissure postcentral gyrus (somatosensory cortex)
sulcus and fissure
grooves in the brain
gyrus
bumps on the brain
what are the major fissures?
central fissure
lateral fissure
longitudinal fissure
what are the major gyrus?
precentral gyrus
postcentral gyrus
superior temporal gyrus
frontal lobe
executive functions, thinking, planning, organising and problem solving,emotions and behavioural control, personality
motor cortex
movement
sensory cortex
sensations
parietal lobe
perception, making sense of the world, anthmetic, spelling
occipital lobe
vision
temporal love
memory, understanding language
what re the major divisions of the cerebral cortex?
frontal lobe motor cortex sensory cortex parietal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe
limbic system
part of telecephalon
generally thought to be implied in motivated behaviour (feeding, fighting, flight, sexual behaviour).
what are the main structures researched in the limbic system?
amygdala
hippocampus
basal ganglia
part of telencephalon
generally thought to be implied in voluntary motor responses and decision making.
what structure of the brain is considered a part of the basal ganglia and limbic system?
the amygdala
what is research on the basal ganglia particularly interested in?
pathway from substantia nigra (midbrain or mesencephalon) to striatum (putamen plus caudate) - Parkinson’s disease
what is in the diencephalon?
thalamus and hypothalamus
thalamus
consists of sensory relay nuclei that project information in a two-way fashion
hypothalamus
implied in motivated behaviour through hormone regulation from pituitary gland
what is in the hypothalamus?
optic chiasm and mammillary bodies
optic chiasm
point where optic nerves meet (contralateral and ipsilateral)
mammillary Bodies
recollective and recognitional memory function
parts of the mesencephalon
tectum and tegmentum
parts of the tectum
inferior colliculi (auditory function) superior colliculi (visual-motor function)
parts of the tegmentum
periaqueduct grey
substantia nigra
periaqueduct grey
grey matter around aqueduct that connects 3rd and 4th ventrical; pain-reducing effects
parts of the metencephalon
reticular formation
cerebellum
reticular formation
reaches from posterior boundaries of myencephalon to anterior boundary of mesencephalon
collection of nuclei with variety of functions; creates a bulge = pons
cerebellum
litle brain
important sensorimotor system; likely broader function due to observed cognitive deficits in cerebellar damage
myelencephalon (aka medulla)
comprised largely of tracts carrying signals between brain and body
includes reticular formation
reaches from posterior boundary of myencephalon to anterior boundary of mesencephalon
collection of nuclei with variety of functions
