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Gastrointestinal Week 3 2016/17 > 1: Anatomy - Jaundice 2 > Flashcards

1: Anatomy - Jaundice 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The yellowing of the sclera and skin associated with jaundice is caused by an increase in the blood levels of ___.

A

bilirubin

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2
Q

Bilirubin is formed by the breakdown of ___ ___ ___.

A

red blood cells

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3
Q

Where does bilirubin release mainly occur?

A

Spleen

where RBC breakdown occurs

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4
Q

Bilirubin is a major constituent of ___.

A

bile

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5
Q

Where do the right and left hepatic ducts come from?

A

Liver

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6
Q

The right and left hepatic ducts unite to form the ___ hepatic duct.

A

common hepatic duct

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7
Q

Which duct travels from the gallbladder to connect to the common hepatic duct?

A

Cystic duct

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8
Q

The cystic duct and common hepatic duct unite to form the ___ duct.

A

bile duct

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9
Q

What connects to the bile duct just before it empties its contents into the duodenum?

A

Main pancreatic duct

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10
Q

Which part of the duodenum does the bile duct empty into?

A

2nd part of the duodenum

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11
Q

Where does the duodenum start?

A

Pyloric sphincter of the stomach

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12
Q

What are the parts of the duodenum?

A

1 - superior

2 - descending

3 - horizontal

4 - ascending

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13
Q

The 1st part of the duodenum is (intraperitoneal / retroperitoneal).

A

intraperitoneal

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14
Q

The 2nd, 3rd, 4th parts of the duodenum are (intraperitoneal / retroperitoneal).

A

retroperitoneal

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15
Q

Where does the duodenum end?

A

Duodenojejunal flexure

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16
Q

Name two hormones secreted from the duodenum.

What is their function?

A

Gastrin - stimulates HCl release

CCK - satiation signal, tells you that you’re full

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17
Q

If a patient has duodenal ulcers, where will they experience pain?

A

Epigastric region

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18
Q

Which mobile structure is found on the 1st part of the duodenum?

A

Duodenal cap

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19
Q

The pancreas is (intraperitoneal / retroperitoneal).

A

retroperitoneal

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20
Q

What are the four parts of the pancreas, from left to right?

A

Head

Neck

Body

Tail

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21
Q

What hook-like structure is found at the inferior aspect of the head of the pancreas?

A

Uncinate process

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22
Q

What is anterior to the pancreas?

A

Stomach

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23
Q

What is posterior to the pancreas?

A

Pretty much everything you’ll ever be asked about

except the stomach

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24
Q

Which type of cells secrete digestive enzymes into the main pancreatic duct?

Are they endocrine or exocrine?

A

Acinar cells (also found in the exocrine salivary glands)

Exocrine

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25
Q

Which endocrine cells, found in the pancreas, secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream?

A

Islets of Langerhans

26
Q

What is the widened duct formed by the union of the bile duct and main pancreatic duct?

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

or

Ampulla of Vater

27
Q

Where does the Ampulla of Vater drain?

A

Major duodenal papilla

found in the 2nd part of the duodenum

28
Q

Accessory pancreatic ducts can sometimes drain into the duodenum via a ___ ___ ___.

A

minor duodenal papilla

29
Q

Each duct connecting to the Ampulla of Vater has its own ___ to prevent backflow of bile / digestive enzymes.

A

sphincter

30
Q

Which sphincter is found at the terminal end of the Ampulla of Vater, where the duct drains into the major duodenal papilla?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

31
Q

Which type of muscle makes up the biliary sphincters?

A

Smooth muscle

32
Q

Which type of endoscope can be used to view a dye-filled biliary tree?

A

ERCP

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

33
Q

What causes jaundice?

A

Increase in blood levels of bilirubin

34
Q

What are two causes of biliary tree obstruction?

A

Gallstones

Carcinoma at head of pancreas (compressing ducts posterior to it)

35
Q

Why does biliary tree obstruction cause jaundice?

A

Backflow of bile into the liver ⇒ blood

Bile contains bilirubin

36
Q

Which two abdominal branches of the aorta anastomose to supply the duodenum and pancreas?

A

Coeliac trunk

Superior mesenteric artery

37
Q

Which branch of the coeliac trunk gives off the gastroduodenal artery?

A

Common hepatic artery

one of the the three initial trifurcations, not to be confused with hepatic artery proper ⇒ right and left hepatics

38
Q

The superior pancreaticoduodenal artery’s aortic origin is the ___ ___, found at vertebral level ___.

The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery’s aortic origin is the __ __ __, found at vertebral level ___.

A

coeliac trunk , T12

superior mesenteric artery , L1

39
Q

The superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries ___ to supply the pancreas and duodenum.

A

anastomose

40
Q

What is the name given to inflammation of the pancreas?

A

Pancreatitis

41
Q

If the bile duct is blocked by a gallstone, where can bile be redirected to?

A

Pancreas via main pancreatic duct

42
Q

Where is pancreatic pain (e.g resulting from pancreatitis) felt?

A

Epigastric region (because it’s half foregut)

Umbilical region (because it’s half midgut)

43
Q

Where can pancreatic pain radiate?

A

Back

44
Q

In advanced pancreatitis, ___ can occur resulting in characteristic bruise-like skin discolouration.

Where are these discolourations typically found?

A

haemorrhage

flanks and umbilicus

45
Q

Which branch of the aorta supplies the jejunum and ileum?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

46
Q

Which two types of artery supply the jejunum and ileum specifically?

A

Jejunal arteries

Ileal arteries

47
Q

Which two types of vein drain the jejunum and ileum specifically?

A

Jejunal veins

Ileal veins

48
Q

Which vein do the jejunal and ileal arteries drain into?

Which vein then delivers this nutrient-rich blood to the liver?

A

Superior mesenteric vein

Hepatic portal vein

49
Q

Which “organ” do the small intestinal arteries and veins travel within?

A

Mesentery

50
Q

At which vertebral level do the superior mesenteric vessels branch off?

A

L1

51
Q

The superior mesenteric vessels travel ___ to the neck of the pancreas and ___ to the uncinate process.

(anterior / posterior)

A

posterior to the neck

anterior to the uncinate process

52
Q

Which dietary component does bile aid the digestion of?

A

Fats

53
Q

Which lymphatic vessels do fats travel in after absorption in the small intestine?

A

Lacteals

54
Q

Where do lymphatic vessels from the abdomen drain into the venous system?

Via which lymphatic duct?

A

Left venous angle

Thoracic duct

55
Q

Which lymph nodes drain foregut organs?

A

Coeliac nodes

56
Q

Which lymph nodes drain midgut organs?

A

Superior mesenteric nodes

remember the lacteals which drain fats from intestinal cells

57
Q

Which lymph nodes drain hindgut organs?

A

Inferior mesenteric nodes

58
Q

Which lymph nodes drain the kidneys, posterior abdominal wall, pelvis and lower limbs?

A

Lumbar nodes

59
Q

Through which duct do the abdominal and lumbar lymphatics drain to empty their contents at the left venous angle?

A

Thoracic duct

60
Q

Which lymphatic duct supplies the right arm and right thorax?

A

Right lymphatic duct

61
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

Right venous angle

Gastrointestinal Week 3 2016/17 (15 decks)

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