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Question 1

Which zone of the prostate gland is at risk of enlarging and what is its effect?

Answer 1

Transition zone is at risk and it will compress the ureter which causes urinary urgency

Question 2

Which zone of the prostate gland is usually under rectal examination?

Answer 2

Peripheral zone

Question 3

What is the role of seminiferous tubules

Answer 3

Spermatogenesis

Question 4

Why is the left testicle situated slightly lower than the right testicle?

Answer 4

• left testicle drains from left testicular vein into left renal vein then IVC
• right testicle drains from right testicular vein directly into IVC
• so more veins and pressure is applied to left testicle

Question 5

What is a varicoele?

Answer 5

• varicose veins condition of the testes
• usually affects the pampiniform plexus when veins are dilated
• will cause pain and swelling in scrotum

Question 6

What is the purpose of the pampiniform plexus?

Answer 6

• in order to have heat exchange between the testicular arteries and veins
• since testicles need to have a certain temperature, this allows to do so

Question 7

What is the white membrane that the testes are enclosed in?

Answer 7

Tunica albuginea

Question 8

What is the peritoneal layer in which the testes are surrounded by?

Answer 8

Tunica Vaginalis

Question 9

What is a hydrocoele? Why is more common in younger boys?

Answer 9

• scrotal swelling due to fluid accumulation in the tunica vaginalis
• more common in youngins because they still have remnants of the processis vaginalis which is a patent part of the peritoneum, so fluid can easily go in there

Question 10

What is contained in the spermatic cord? Describe them.

Answer 10

• 3 fascial layers: external spermatic fascia (comes from external oblique), cremasteric spermatic fascia (comes from internal oblique), internal spermatic fascia (comes from transverse abd)
• 3 arteries: testicular artery, cremasteric artery, artery to vas
• 3 veins: testicular vein (pampiniform plexus), cremasteric vein, vein to vas
• 3 nerves: genital part of genitofemoral nerve (L2), sympathetic nerve to vas, ilioinguinal nerve
• vas deferens

Question 11

What is the cremasteric reflex?

Answer 11

• when stroking medial thigh
• contains muscle which helps to pull in testes or let it out for temperature adjustment
• if reflex does not occur, then pt. May have testicular torsion

Question 12

What is testicular torsion? How do we solve this?

Answer 12

• when the spermatic cord is twisted
• causes occlusion of arteries, veins, and nerves
• can lead to ischaemia and then necrosis
• will result in infertility
• solution: create incision and untwist spermatic cord or put a suture to secure the testes to the scrotal wall

Question 13

How do the testes develop in their position?

Answer 13

• they are formed at the abdominal wall and slowly evaginate the wall, forming the inguinal canal
• gubernaculum pulls the testes down, allowing the abdominal wall to surround it and become the spermatic fascia
• like pushing a finger into cling film

Question 14

What is the position of the ureter in both male and female testes?

Answer 14

“Water under the bridge”
Male: ureter passes under vas deferens
Female: ureter passes under uterine artery

Question 15

Where do the testes and scrotum drain their lymph into respectively?

Answer 15

• testes drain lymph into paraaortic lymph nodes

- scrotum drains lymph into inguinal lymph nodes

Question 16

Describe the two different tissue types of the penis

Answer 16

-corpus cavernosa: main erectile tissue of penis, keeps it hard during ejaculation as well, attaches the penis to pelvic bone, is a paired tissue
-corpus spongiosum: expansile tissue through which the urethra travels, resists the increased pressure of corpus cavernosa, stays patent during ejaculation, forms the penile glands
E.T.

Question 17

What is the ureter called in its different positions starting from the prostate gland to the head of the penis?

Answer 17

-prostatic ureter, membranous ureter, spongy ureter

Question 18

What is the role of the seminal vesicles?

Answer 18

• make of 65% of semen

- provides nutrition for sperm and neutralizes the acidic environment of the vagina

Question 19

What is the role of the prostate gland?

Answer 19

• produces 25% of semen

- inputs more protein

Question 20

What is the role of bulbourethral (cowpers) glands?

Answer 20

• produces about 1% of semen

- produce secretion that reduces friction

Question 21

What is the purpose of the tunica albuginea?

Answer 21

• provides the shape of the penis during an erection

- has collagen fibres that are perpendicular to each other

Question 22

What is the blood supply to the penis?

Answer 22

Internal pudendal artery and vein

Question 23

Describe a fracture penis

Answer 23

• occurs when penis is bent to a certain extent where the tunic albuginea ruptures so blood from the corpus cavernosa enters
• if it is not fixed immediately, scar tissue will develop quickly causing a bend in the penis

Question 24

What are the roles of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells?

Answer 24

• Sertoli cells produce Sperm under the influence of fSh
• Leydig cells produce testosterone under the influence of Lh (contains lots of smooth ER meaning it is active in lipid metabolism)

Question 25

What is the significance of the hylum of the testes?

Answer 25

It is where the seminiferous tubules drain out