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Foundations 3 > 1-66 Immune cells and organs > Flashcards

1-66 Immune cells and organs Flashcards

1
Q

Primary lymphoid tissues

Secondary

A
  • Primary lymphoid: Cells originate and develop
    • Bone marrow
    • Thymus
  • Secondary lymphoid: Immune response is activated
    • Lymph nodes
    • Tonsils
    • Spleen
    • Other tissues (e.g. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT))
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2
Q

Blood cell lineages

A
  • •Myeloid
    • -Neutrophils
    • -Eosinophils
    • -Basophils and mast cells
    • -Antigen-presenting cells (Macrophages and dendritic cells)
  • •Lymphoid
    • -B cells
    • -T cells
    • -Natural killer (NK) cells
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3
Q

Neutrophil

A
  • •~70% of the white blood cells in blood
  • •Innate immune system
  • •Ingest and kill pathogens
  • •Produce myeloperoxidase (MPO)
  • •DO NOT present antigen
  • •Also called granulocytes, polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)

Maturation: Release of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) leads to increased myeloid precursors in the peripheral blood during an infection as the bone marrow mobilizes neutrophils to respond.

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4
Q

Eosinophil

A
  • •Bi-lobed nuclei with pink granules
  • •Increased in parasitic diseases and hypersensitivity
  • •Attach to surface of migratory nematode larvae by binding antibodies (IgG and IgE)
  • -Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
  • •Are not antigen-presenting cells
  • •Stimulated by IL-5
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5
Q

Basophil & Mast Cell

A
  • •Deep blue granules
  • •Receptors for Fc portion of IgE (anaphylaxis)
  • •Toll-like receptors on surface (innate immunity)
  • •Release histamine and other cytokines
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6
Q

Monocytes & Macrophages

A
  • •Monocytes circulate in the blood
  • •Migrate to tissues and are activated to become macrophages
  • •Some macrophages are resident in tissues
  • •Professional antigen-presenting cells

Tissue resident macrophages:

  • •Lung - alveolar macrophages
  • •Liver - Kupffer cells
  • •Brain - microglia
  • •Spleen - red pulp macrophages
  • •Germinal center - tingible body macrophages
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7
Q

APC- Dendritic Cell

A
  • •Main inducer of the T cell and primary antibody response
  • •Located under skin (Langerhans cells) and mucosa
  • •Migrate to lymph nodes to present antigen to helper (CD4+) T cells
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8
Q

Antigen Presenting Cells (general)

A
  1. •Macrophages: produce IL-1, TNF, and IL-12
  2. dendritic cells: from BM, most effective at APC with high MHCII expression
  3. B cells
  4. Langerhams: in skin epidermis for derma immune response, macrophage-like, presents antibodies to lymphocytes
  5. M cells: intestinal columnar epitherlium, pass antigens to lymphocytes in epithelium which will migrate to underlying nodules
  • •Link between innate and adaptive immunity
  • •Express pattern recognition receptors (TLRs) to bind PAMPs
  • •MHC class II on cell surface
    • -Engulf pathogens
    • -Digest the proteins
    • -Express peptides in MHC II
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9
Q

B Cell

A

Lymphocyte, Adaptive immunity

  • -CD19+ and CD20+
  • -Humoral immunity
  • -Express antibody on cell surface (BCR)
  • -Differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells
  • -Present antigen to T cells
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10
Q

Plasma Cells

A

Differentiated B cell

  • •Fried egg appearance
  • •‘Clock-face’ chromatin pattern in the nucleus
  • •Express bright CD38, CD138, and cytoplasmic antibody
  • •Plasma cells are responsible for producing antibodies (immunoglobulins)
  • Antibodies are critical for immunity
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11
Q

T cell

A

Lymphocyte, Adaptive immunity

  • -CD3+
  • -CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic
  • -Originate in bone marrow
  • -Mature in the thymus
  • -Cell-mediated immunity
  • -T cell receptor recognizes protein antigens
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12
Q

NK Cell

A

Lymphocyte, Innate immunity

  • -CD56+ and CD16+ (IgG Fc receptor)
  • -Directly kill infected cells and tumor cells
    • •Have receptors that recognize the absence of MHC class I on other cells (tumor cells, infected cells)
  • -Contain and secrete cytotoxic granules
  • -Do not develop in the thymus
  • -Do not express specific receptors
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13
Q

Lymphatic Functions

A
  • •Drain excess fluids from body tissues
  • •Re-circulate proteins from blood capillaries
  • •Absorb emulsified fat via lacteals in intestinal villi
  • •Body defense mechanism. 3 kinds of lymphocytes:
    • •B-cells differentiate into plasma cells for antibody production (humoral immunity) and memory cells
    • •T-cells for cell-mediated immunity
    • •Natural Killer (NK) cells similar to T-cells
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14
Q

Reticular cells/stroma

A
  • Reticular cells produce & surround reticular fibers that comprise lymphatic stroma (except in the thymus); similar to fibroblasts
  • The fibers are small diameter Type III collagen fibers with a high sugar content.
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15
Q

Lymphatic Nodules (Follicles)

A

B lymphocyte zones

  • NO CAPSULE
  • light staining germinal center: indicates an immune response
  • Peyer’s patch in the ileum
  • T lymphocytes are in the diffuse lymphatic tissue (loose connective tissue) surrounding the tight condensed follicle/nodule
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16
Q

Lymph nodes structure

A
  • filter lympth, lymph percolated through:
    • subcapsular (red)
    • trabecular (blue)
    • medullary sinuses (yellow)
17
Q

Lymph nodes circulation

A
18
Q

Spleen

A

Spleen filters blood like lymph nodes filter lymph

Red pulp: functions to elimincate old/damaged blood cells and recycle iron

  • splenic cords
  • splenic sinuses

White pulp: immune funciton as in lympth nodes and diffuse lymphatic tissue

  • nodules
  • periarterial lymphatic sheaths (PALS)

Open circulation system to feed blood cells into the splenic cords!

19
Q

Spleen circulation

A

Open circulation in humans!

20
Q

Thymus

A
  • All T cells mature in thymus, has a capsule
  • Atrophies with age
  • made of interconnected lobules (comprised of cortex and medulla)
    • interconnected via trabeculae
  • Thymus stroma made up of unique epitherlioreticular cells brunch branchial puch 3 endoderm
    • processes curl to form keritinized Hassall’s corpuscles: long branching epitherlial cells form a stromal reticulum
21
Q

Tissues/Organs of immune system (4)

A

Foundations 3 (6 decks)

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