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Sociolinguistics > 1 > Flashcards

1 Flashcards

1
Q

Acrolect

A

language closest to standard (high variety).

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2
Q

Asset or strength perspective (dementia)

A

what remains

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3
Q

Asynchronous

A

not existing or occurring at the same time, for CMD meaning not necessary to reply immediately.

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4
Q

Banter

A

Impolite language that is understood not to be intended to cause offence.

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5
Q

Balance

A

a balanced corpus covers a wide range of text categories supposed to be representative of the language variety
under consideration

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6
Q

Basilect

A

language closest to creole

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7
Q

Bilingualism (elite)

A

Bilingualism which is considered to be socially advantageous, usually involving high-status speakers and prestigious language

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8
Q

Bilingualism (immigrant)

A

The bilingualism which arises due to migration. often stigmatized

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9
Q

Biting (teasing humour)

A

only slightly mitigated verbal attack.

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10
Q

Bonding (teasing humour)

A

mitigated verbal attack, usually targeting a whole group and thus aiming to achieve solidarity.

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11
Q

Clash (maxim)

A

when there are a clash of one or more maxims

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12
Q

Code

A

any kind of system that two or more people employ for communication purposes

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13
Q

Code switching/ code mixing

A

swapping from one code to another to better communicate with another person or to index identity. Usually an unconscious action

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14
Q

Collocation

A

A co-occurrence relationship between words or phrases.

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15
Q

Constructionist approach

A

how people use language to maintain the focus on the ideological differences between male and female.

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16
Q

Content collapse

A

making one identity appropriate for all social networking sites and people

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17
Q

Corpus

A

a large collection of texts typically stored as a database on a computer

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18
Q

Creole

A

a type of contact language, usually assumed to be elaborated and nativised

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19
Q

Crossing

A

“refers to the use of language which isn’t generally thought to ‘belong’ to the speaker”.

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20
Q

inner circle (world englishes)

A

english as first language

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21
Q

Death (language)

A

The total disappearance of a language (Aitchison)

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22
Q

Decreolisation

A

When creole is used alongside a standard variety -

features change in the direction of the standard

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23
Q

Deficit perspective (dementia

A

what is lost

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24
Q

Dementia

A

general term that groups a number of neurodegenerative illnesses

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25
Q

Descriptivism

A

describe the regular structures used in language by systematically analysing samples of ‘real’ Language.

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26
Q

Dichotomy

A

divisions/ splits.

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27
Q

Difference approach

A

Men and women use language in ways which reflect their socialisation into different cultures; they are taught how to communicate as boys, or as girls.

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28
Q

Diglossia

A

a situation in which there are two distinct codes with clear functional separation, has a high and low variety

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29
Q

Direct (index)

A

the characteristic that language use indicates (e.g heterosexual desire)

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30
Q

Discursive approach

A

Concerned with a more contextualised, localised interpretation

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31
Q

Dissipation (language)

A

linguistic decay/ decay of a language

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32
Q

Dissociative imagination

A

We can imagine other internet users aren’t real either

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33
Q

Dominance approach

A

Women use language in a way which reflects their subordinate position in society, and men in a way which reflects their power.

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34
Q

Equivalence (codeswitching)

A

Speakers must know which forms of which words can go where in a sentence

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35
Q

Face

A

the public self image that everyone wants to claim for his or her self.

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36
Q

Flout (maxim)

A

ostentatious breaking of a maxim – leading the hearer to question why.

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37
Q

Generalised (implicature)

A

no specialized knowledge required

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38
Q

Gerontophobia

A

fear of old people or of ageing

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39
Q

Heteronormativity

A

The belief that: it is ‘natural’ and ‘normal’ to be heterosexual (othering)

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40
Q

Homogenous

A

all the same, no individuality

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41
Q

Illocutionary act

A

implied meaning of utterance

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42
Q

Illocutionary force

A

the purpose of the utterance

43
Q

Implicature

A

refers to what is suggested in an utterance, even though not expressed

44
Q

Indexicality

A

is the notion that linguistic features indicate social meaning.

45
Q

Infringing (maxim)

A

breaking of a maxim due to poor linguistic performance

46
Q

Indirect (index)

A

the social identity that the characteristic is associated with (e.g masculinity)

47
Q

Keyword

A

“Any word which is found to be outstanding in its frequency in the text is considered ‘key’”

48
Q

Lexifier (superstrate)

A

vocab from another language

49
Q

Lingua Franca

A

a common language used to communicate in situations in which speakers of different
languages interact. A bridge language

50
Q

Locutionary act

A

literal meaning of an utterance, what is said

51
Q

Negative face

A

the wish that our actions be unimpeded by others

52
Q

Net effect

A

creates a greater sense of distance between ‘us’ and ‘them’

53
Q

Nipping (teasing humour)

A

mitigated verbal attack, more playful, and not genuinely abusive

54
Q

Manner (maxim)

A

not being ambiguous

55
Q

Mesolect

A

intermediate varieties

56
Q

Metaphorical (code switching)

A

Changes in the speaker’s language choice when the situation remains the same

57
Q

Metonym

A

using part to represent a whole (e.g hands for person)

58
Q

Observers Paradox

A

obtain data by systematic observation’

59
Q

Opting out (maxim)

A

being prevented from fulfilling a maxim

60
Q

Other

A

relates to a group or an individual that is deemed different, distant, alien relative to the norms of one’s own
group.

61
Q

Participant observation

A

First-hand observation of research participants in their natural setting

62
Q

Particularised (implicature)

A

specialised knowledge required

63
Q

Performativity (gender)

A

there is no ‘men’ or ‘women’s language, identity is constructed by language use: we perform our identity/ gender every day.

64
Q

Perlocutionary act

A

how the hearer of an utterance understands it and responds

65
Q

Pidgin

A

is a language that develops in a situation of language contact between two or more groups.

66
Q

Positive face

A

that our wants be desirable to at least some others

67
Q

Prescriptivism

A

setting out rules for ‘correct’ use of a language

68
Q

Qualitative research approach

A

in-depth, small scale, exploratory

69
Q

Quality (maxim)

A

not saying that which you believe to be false/ for which you lack evidence.

70
Q

Quantitative research approach

A

statistical, systematic, large-scale

71
Q

Quantity (maxim)

A

not saying more or less than you should; saying enough to be adequately informative.

72
Q

Reason (advertising)

A

when an advert in transparent in what it is advertising, eg a dog for dog food

73
Q

Received pronunciation

A

a social rather than regional accent – sometimes Called ‘Queen’s English’ or ‘BBC’ English.

74
Q

Recontextualisation

A

altering the original context (taking out of context).

75
Q

Relevance (maxim)

A

being relevant

76
Q

Representativeness

A

is the extent to which a corpus represents the full range of variability of a language

77
Q

Scalar implicature

A

meaning beyond the literal meaning of an utterance; suggestion that = reason for not using a more informative term. e.g. we invite him to SOME of our parties

78
Q

Situational (code switching)

A

when the languages used changes according to the situations: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one”. (Wardaugh)

79
Q

Solopsistic introjection

A

We fill in the blanks of others’ lives, role-playing their responses

80
Q

Standard (language

A

Uniform, prestige, no regional variation (non-standard, norms are generally uncodified and unwritten)

81
Q

Stratification

A

when something is split into different groups/ layer (social classes etc).

82
Q

Substrate

A

syntax from another language

83
Q

Suicide (language)

A

Speakers borrowing from other languages to such an extent that their original language dies out

84
Q

Theying

A

is a form of othering where older people are lumped together as one collective, unvarying entity

85
Q

Tickle (advertising)

A

when an advert plays on emotion (usually humour) rather than transparency and the audience has to
go to greater lengths to contextualise it (eg using meerkats for car insurance).

86
Q

Trolling

A

Trolling entails luring others into pointless and time-consuming discussions

87
Q

Vernacular

A

The language first acquired, used primarily among intimate friends and family members, that we’re most comfortable using.

88
Q

Violation (maxim)

A

usually with the intention to mislead such as lying

89
Q

AAVE

A

African American vernacular English.

90
Q

CA

A

critical analysis, ‘talk in interaction’

91
Q

CAGES

A

class, age, gender, ethnicity, sexuality (variants to consider when looking at variation)

92
Q

CDA

A

critical discourse analysis exposes ‘strategies that appear normal or natural on the surface. ‘denaturalising language to reveal the kinds of ideas and absences.

93
Q

CoP

A

community of practice; Identity being constructed depends on meaning of group membership

94
Q

CMC

A

computer mediated communication

95
Q

CMD

A

computer mediated discourse

96
Q

FTA

A

face threatening act: a speech act which threatens another’s positive or negative face

97
Q

LARDS

A

language, accent, register, dialect, style

98
Q

RP

A

received pronunciation

99
Q

SNS

A

social networking sites

100
Q

Accomodation theory

A

Speakers shift their language towards that of their addressee

101
Q

Co-operative principle (GRICE)

A

shared assumption of linguistic co-operation

102
Q

Grice’s maxims (GRICE)

A

quantity, quality, manner, and relevance

103
Q

Relevance theory (SPERBER AND WILSON)

A

hearers arrive at an understanding through presumption.

Sociolinguistics (4 decks)

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