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Module 9- Respiration > 1/6 Patterns of Disease in Lung 1 and 2 > Flashcards

1/6 Patterns of Disease in Lung 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What it the basic organization of the airways from mouth to lungs?

A

Trachea –> Bronchus –> Bronchioles –> Alveoli

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2
Q

What are the regions of the respiratory tract?

A

Conducting System (nose, trachea, bronchi)

Transitional system (bronchioles)

Exchange System (Alveoli)

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3
Q

What type of tissue is most of the respiratory system made up of?

A

Ciliated respiratory epithelium (cilia + goblet cells)

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4
Q

What are the features of the respiratory alveolus?

A

Delicate thin-walled

  • Blood-air barrier extremely thin!

Made up of:

  • Vascular endothelium
  • Basal lamina
  • Alveolar epithelium (type 1- wall, type 2- surfactant)
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5
Q

Normal bronchiole and Alveoli histology

A
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6
Q

What routes do pathogens use to enter the respiratory system?

A

Aerogenous (inhaled)

Hematogenous (embolic)

Direct Entry

Lymphatic Spread

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7
Q

What are the basic classifications of lung inflammation (pneumonia)?

What are each one’s distribution like?

A

Bronchopneumonia

  • enzootic, suppurative, fibrinous
  • contained within an area

Interstitial pneumonia

  • Infection within interstitium of lung
  • Diffuse pattern, whole lung infected

Granulomatour pneumonia

  • Multifocal, random distribution

Embolic

  • hematogenous spread –> multifocal, random
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8
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of bronchopneumonia

A

Inhaled agent

Inflammation at the bronchoalveolar junction

Acute inflammatory response

Exudation of fluid and plasma proteins into bronchioles and alveoli

Recruitment of alveolar macrophages (resident) and emigration of neutrophils (first to respond- acute inflammation)

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9
Q

Describe the distribution of infection in bronchopneumonia.

A

Cranioventral

  • Inhalation + gravity
  • Affects bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
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10
Q

What are the causes of bronchopneumonia?

A

Bacteria

  • Pasteruella multocida (cattle, pigs, cats)
  • Mannheimia haemolytica (cattle)
  • Bordatella bronchiseptica (dogs, pigs)

Mycoplasmas

Aspiration of food/gut contents

Viruses + secondary bacterial infection

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11
Q

What is the route of entry with bronchopneumonia?

A

Inhaled

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12
Q

What are the types of bronchopneumonia?

A

Enzootic

Suppurative

Fibrinous

Aspiration

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13
Q

What are the etiologies of enzootic pneumonia?

A

Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (ovine)

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (porcine)

+ secondary pathogen

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14
Q

What are other names for enzootic pneumonia?

A

Cuffing pneumonia, atypical pneumonia, chronic nonprogressive pneumonia

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15
Q

What is the gross appearance of a lung infected with enzootic pneumonia?

A

Cranioventral, dark red, sharply demarcated, combo of collapse and consolidation

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16
Q

What is the histological appearance of enzootic pneumonia?

A

Peribronchial cuffing of lymphocytes and plasma cells causing alveolar collapse

(+/- suppurative inflammation within alveoli and airways)

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17
Q

What type of cells do you typically see with suppurative bronchopneumonia?

A

Suppurative = neutrophils, usually degenerate

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18
Q

What are the possible etiologies of suppurative bronchopneumonia?

A

Most often bacterial

  • Pasteurella, bordetella etc.
  • Associated with aspiration of ‘bland’ contents

Viral infection predispose to bacterial infection

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19
Q

What infection distribution is associated with suppurative bronchopneumonia?

A

Cranioventral

Patchy/confluent areas/whole lobes

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20
Q

What does the gross anatomy of a suppurative pneumonia look like?

A

Lesions:

  • red, consolidated, bilateral
  • often sharply demarcated
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21
Q

Describe the histology seen with suppurative pneumonia.

A

Neutrophils (often degenerate) filling alveoli and airways

NO lymphocytic cuffing

22
Q

Acute suppurative bronchopneumonia histology slide.

A
23
Q

What must be present in fibrinous bronchopneumonia?

A

Fibrin (yellow strands, acute phase protein)

Oedema

Neutrophils (degenerate)

Necrosis

24
Q

What are some possible etiologies for fibrinous pneumonia?

A

Cattle: Mannheimia hemolytica (shipping fever)

Porcine: Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia

Aspiration of gut contents (harsh, cause necrosis)

25
Q

Describe the typical distribution of fibrinous bronchopneumonia.

A

Cranioventral, spreads rapidly within and between lobules

Large confluent areas/whole lobes

Often affects pleura –> pleuritis

26
Q

What does fibrinous pneumonia look like grossly?

A

Fibrinous pleural surface

Marked expansion of interlobular septae

27
Q

What can occur with a case of fibrinous pneuomonia?

A

Clinical signs and death can occur as result of severe toxemia and sepsis

28
Q

What type of infection is shipping fever and what animal does it infect?

A

Acute fibrinous pneumonia

Cattle

29
Q

What is etiological agent that causes shipping fever?

A

Mannheimia haemolytica

30
Q

How does the bacteria work causing shipping fever?

A

Produced leukotoxin

  • lyses alveolar macrophages and neutrophils
  • tissue necrosis
  • extensive deposition of fibrin in interlobular septa and pleura
31
Q

What is the typical distribution of aspiration pneumonia?

A

Cranioventral (but not 100%)

32
Q

What are some predisposing causes of aspiration pneumonia?

A

Handfeeding neonates

Megaesophagus

Cleft palate

Down animal (anesthesia)

33
Q

Describe the gross appearance of aspiration pneumonia.

A

Green/brown/black discoloration, foul smelling

34
Q

What conditions can result from acute pneumonia?

A

Resolution

Chronic pneumonia

  • abscess formation
  • Pleuritis
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Death
35
Q

What is the typical distribution of interstitial pneumonia?

A

Diffuse

36
Q

Is there any exudate with interstitial pneumonia?

A

No exudate

37
Q

Describe the gross appearance of interstitial pneumonia.

A

Large lungs that don’t deflate

Rib impressions

Rubbery texture

38
Q

What are some etiological causes of interstitial pneumonia?

A

Viral (canine distemper, IBR, EVR)

Inhaled toxins/gas

Toxic metabolites locally generated

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Ventilator induced injury

39
Q

Describe the distribution of granulomatous pneumonia?

A

Multifocal, any lobe

40
Q

Describe the gross appearance of granulomatous pneumonia.

A

Firm nodules, with white/tan/gray/ crumbly material

41
Q

Describe the histological appearance of granulomatous pneumonia.

A

Macrophages plus multinucleated giant cells arranged in discrete granulomas or in sheets.

42
Q

What is the typical route of entry for granulomatous pneumonia?

A

Aerogenous/hematogenous/lymphatic spread

43
Q

What are the etiological agents of granulomatous?

A

Bacteria

  • Mycoplasma bovis

Fungal pneumonias

Verminous pneumonias

44
Q

What type of pneumonia is verminous pneumonia?

A

Interstitial (larval migration)

Bronchitis (intrabronchial adults)

Granulomatous (aberrant parasites, dead larvae or eggs)

45
Q

What is the typical distribution of verminous pneumonia?

A

Caudal

46
Q

What is the gross appearance of verminous pneumonia?

A

Collapse or small nodules

47
Q

What is the distribution of embolic pneumonia?

A

Multifocal, random

48
Q

What is the route of entry with embolic pneumonia?

A

Haematogenous

49
Q

What are some of the causes of embolic pneumonia?

A

Vegetative valvular endocarditis

Hepatic abscesses

Septicemia

50
Q

How do primary pulmonary neoplasms arise?

A

Often epithelial origin (adenoma or carcinoma)

Typically have on large mass +/- intrapulmonary metastases

51
Q

How do secondary neoplasia (metastatic) arise in the lungs?

A

Neoplasm arise somewhere else and migrate to the lungs

Lungs are popular metastatic site due to massive blood flow and capillary bed.

52
Q

What are a few common metastatic tumors?

A

Hemangiosarcoma (spleen or right atrium)

Osteosarcoma

Mammary carcinoma

Module 9- Respiration (6 decks)

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