1:3 Separation Standards Flashcards
Standard vertical or horizontal separation shall be provided between what in Class A airspace?
All flights
Standard vertical or horizontal separation shall be provided between what in Class C?
IFR vs IFR
IFR vs VFR
SVFR vs IFR/SVFR
Standard vertical or horizontal separation shall be provided between what in Class D airspace?
IFR vs IFR
SVFR vs IFR/SVFR
Standard vertical or horizontal separation shall be provided between what in Class E airspace?
IFR vs IFR
SVFR vs IFR/SVFR
What standard vertical or horizontal separation shall be provided in Class G airspace?
Responsibility of pilot, however in providing a deconfliction or procedural service, controllers will provide information and advice aimed at achieving defined deconfliction minima
Separation standards are minima and shall be increased when… (x3)
1 - requested by the pilot
2 - a controller considers it necessary
3 - directed by the CAA
When may standard separation be reduced? (x4)
1 - In the vicinity of aerodromes
2 - Search and rescue escort
3 - Loss of separation
4 - Surveillance system failure
When may standard separation be reduced in the vicinity of an aerodrome? (x3)
1 - When adequate separation can be provided by the aerodrome controller
2 - If each aircraft is continuously visible to the pilots of other aircraft concerned and the pilots report they can maintain their own separation
3 - When one aircraft is following another, the pilot of the succeeding aircraft reports the other aircraft in sight and can maintain their own separation
If for any reason a LOS occurs, what is the controller to do? (x2)
1 - use every means at their disposal to obtain the required minimum with the least possible delay
2 - when considered practicable, pass traffic information/essential traffic information
What is essential traffic information?
Traffic which is separated for any period by less than the specified standard separation, normally when ATS surveillance systems are not available.
What should essential traffic information include?
1 - direction of flight of conflicting aircraft
2 - type of conflicting aircraft
3 - Cruising level of conflicting aircraft and ETA for the reporting point (or for the reporting point closest to where the aircraft will cross levels)
4 - any alternative clearance
What is vertical separation minima for subsonic aircraft?
- 1,000ft up to FL290
- 2,000ft above FL290 (except between FL290 and FL410 inclusive, 1,000ft may be applied between RVSM approved aircraft)
What is vertical separation minima between aircraft flying supersonic?
- 2,000ft up to FL450
- 4,000ft above FL450
When may an aircraft be instructed to climb or descend to a level previously occupied by another aircraft? (x3)
1 - when vertical separation already exists
2 - the vacating aircraft is proceeding to a level that will maintain vertical separation
3 - either the controller observes that the vacating aircraft has left the level or the pilot has reported vacating the level
Aircraft may be instructed to change level at a specified… (x3)
time, place or rate
If severe turbulence exists, when should instructions be delayed until?
Until the vacating aircraft is at, or through, another level separated by the required minimum
When shall controllers exercise caution with regards to changing levels?
When instructing an aircraft to climb or descend to previously occupied level (consideration given to the fact that aircraft climb and descend at different rates - particularly relevant when holding)
What may pilots in direct communication with each other be instructed to do (at their concurrence)?
Maintain a specified vertical separation between eachother during climb and descent
Controllers may authorise an aircraft to climb or descend in VMC provided… (x5)
1 - the manoeuvre is restricted to Class D, E, F and G airspace at or below FL100
2 - it is during the hours of daylight
3 - the aircraft is flying in VMC
4 - the pilot climbing/descending agrees to maintain their own separation from other aircraft and the manoeuvre is agreed by the pilot of the other aircraft
5 - essential traffic information is given
What are the 3 types of horizontal separation?
1 - Lateral
2 - Longitudinal
3 - Separation based on ATS surveillance system information
What does the term ‘level change’ mean?
That portion of the climb and descent during which the vertical separation in relation to the level of another aircraft is less than the minima
What is ‘an exact reporting point’?
A position established by a navigational facility which is:
1 - overhead a VOR
2 - overhead an NDB
3 - a position notified as a reporting point and which is established by the intersection of VOR radials, or of a VOR radial and a bearing from an NDB
4 - a position established by a VOR radial combined with a range from an associated DME
How is lateral separation achieved?
By requiring aircraft to fly on different tracks or in different geographical locations as determined by visual observations or navigational aids
How is track separation established?
By requiring aircraft to fly on specified tracks which are separated by a minimum amount appropriate to the navaid employed
