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PDAT4 > 1/2 - Innate & Adaptive Immune System > Flashcards

1/2 - Innate & Adaptive Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Define

a system of proteins for defense against pathogens;
some proteins are enzymes, others are involved in recognition/communication

A

COMPLEMENT

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2
Q

Primary Lymphoid Organs
for development / maturation

A

Bone Marrow for B cells

Thymus for T Cells

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3
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A

SPLEEN
highly important for maturation of B-Cells

Lymph Nodes / Tonsils / Appendix / Peyer’s Patches

Major site of AntiBody Production

Trap & Concentrate forein materials
–> expose foreigners to cells producing AB’s

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4
Q

MALT

Lymphoid Tissues

A

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Present in surface mucosa of:
Resipiratory / GI / Geniitourirary Tracts

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5
Q

GALT

Lymphoid Tissues

A

Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Includes:

  • *Peyer’s Patches** / Appendix
  • *Lymphoid Nodules in Submucosa**
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6
Q

BALT

Lymphoid Tissues

A

Bronchus Associated Lymphoid Tissue

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7
Q

Lymphoid Cells

A

T & B Cells

NK Cells

All express
AG-Specific Receptors

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8
Q

Myeloid Cells

A

1st RESPONDERS!

Neutrophils / Basophils

Eosinophils / Monocytes / Macrophages

Dedretic Cells / Mast Cells

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9
Q

Type of Immunity?

Antigen non-specific
RAPID response

Phagocytes / Natural Barriers

COMPLEMENT

Pattern Recognition Molecules

A

INNATE

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10
Q

Type of Immunity?

Antigen SPECIFIC
slow response / memory

Lymphocytes
B / T Cell receptors

Secreted ANTIBODIES + Cytokines

responds to new molecules

A

ADAPTIVE

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11
Q

Adaptive Response for Immunity

A

Specificity
discrimination of self/non-self

B / T Cells // APCs // mast cells+neutrophils

  • *Humoral Immunity** = B-Cells
  • *Cellular Immunity** = T-cells

Basis of Immunizations

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12
Q

Three types of IMMUNIZATIONS

A

Adaptive Response

1) EXPOSURE to antigen
2) Through TRANSFER of ANTIBODIES

3) through Transfer of IMMUNE CELLS
bone marrow xplant

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13
Q

Humoral Immunity
Two arms of the Adaptive Response

A

B-CELLS
activated by AG-Binding to cell-surface receptors
T-cells may help activate the B-cells
as can components of the complement system

Active B-cells –> Secrete ANTIBODIES (immunogloblins
–> that bind to the ANTIGEN
to clear them out of the system

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14
Q

Cellular Immunity
Two arms of the Adaptive Response

A

T-CELLS
interact with APC’s, then RELEASE CYTOKINES
which stimulate other immune system cells

  • *Helper** T-cells –> release cytokines
  • *Cytotoxic** (kill) T-Cells
  • *Regulatory** T-cells
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15
Q

External / Passive
Defenses

A

Part of the INNATE Immunity

  • *Normal Gut bacteria** + skin bacteria
  • *Gut ACIDITY + Enzymes**

Skin / Mucous Membranes / tears
hair follicles

  • other defenses*
  • *Cough reflex / nose hairs / complement**
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16
Q

Intracellular Killing

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

done by PHAGOCYTES
Recognition of PAMP’s
(pathogen associated molecules, proteins/lipids/polysacch/lipoproteins)

Adhesion to pathogen –> PHAGOCYTOSIS
of whole cell or viral particles –> passage to endosomes / lysosomes

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17
Q

EXTRAcellular Killing

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

  • *Toxic Metabolites**:
  • *NO / H2O2 / Superoxide anion / hypochlorus**

PORE formation –> Cell Lysis

INduction of APOPTOSIS

18
Q

Phagocytosis + Endocytosis

A

Can be used in BOTH INNATE / ACQUIRED immune responses

Endocytosis:
non-specific pinocytosis // specific receptor mediated uptake
fusion with endosomes –> lysosomes + degrative enzymes

Phagocytosis:
of WHOLE cells/virus particles (intracellular killing

19
Q

Cell Type Involved in Innate Immunity?

​Eosinophils / Basophils / NEUTROPHILS
(granulocytes)

Short lived / contain lysosomes –> produce peroxide / NO

A

PMN Leukocytes
polymorphonuclear Leuocytes

20
Q

Cell Type Involved in Innate Immunity?

Large Phagocytic cells that process & PRESENT Antigens on the cell surface
to stimulate other immune cells

A

MACROPHAGES

21
Q

Cell Type Involved in Innate Immunity?

Phagocytose –> Process –> present antigens on the cell surface
to stimulate immune system cells

A

DENDRITIC CELLS

22
Q

Cell Type Involved in Innate Immunity?

secrete CYTOKINES
act like T-cells, but found mainly not the blood, but in TISSUES

A

ILCs

Innate Lymphoid Cells

23
Q

Cell Type Involved in Innate Immunity?

Develop in the THYMUS, same precursor as T-cells
early responders to virus-infected or cancer cells

express KIR –> MHC (on normal cells)
(killer inhibitory receptor)

This cell will KILL cell if Not enough MHC present
pore forming –> lysis // apoptosis signaling

A

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

24
Q

MHC-1

A
  • *Normal=SELF** cells express MHC-1 proteins on cell surace
  • foreign / infected / tumorous cells* LACK MHC-1
  • NK CELLS** will ATTACK the cell if it is *lacking MHC-1
  • -> pore-forming proteins –> stimulate APOPTOSIS
25
Q

NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS

(NK-T)

A

Develop in the THYMUS from t-cell precursors
express TCR (t-cell receptors)
NK-cells do not express TCR

TCR -bind-> Membrane associated Sphingolypids (found in bacteria)

NKT cells also SECRETE IL-4 / IFN-gamma / other cytokines
to stimulate other immune cells

Also can TRIGGER APOPTOSIS via FAS-FAS interactions
important for removing B/T cells that may be anergic / improper

26
Q

PAMPs

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

  • *Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns**
  • Conserved** (unlikely to change)* molecules produced by pathogens

ex. sugar coat outside of bacteria, lipoproteins, yeast / flaggelin

27
Q

PRRs

A

INNATE IMMUNITY
Pattern Recognition Receptors
different from BCR or TCR or Antibodies
HIGHLY expressed on dendritic cells & other phagocytes

FOUR main classes:

  • *TLRs** = toll-like receptors
  • *CLRs** = C-type lectin receptors
  • *NLRs** = NOD-like receptors
  • *RLRs** = RIG-I-Like receptors
28
Q

TLRs

Functions of PRRs
(Innate immunity)

A

Toll-Like Receptor

EXTRAcellular & Membrane-bound

Several different classes:
specfic for Gram +/- Bacteria
Mycobacteria
Nucleic acidsfromvirus/bacteria

29
Q

CLRs

Functions of PRRs
(Innate immunity)

A

C-Type Lectin Receptors

EXTRAcellular & Membrane bound
(like TLRs)

Recognize particular:
CARBs produced by FUNGI
depend on CALCIUM

30
Q

NLRs

Functions of PRRs
(Innate immunity)

A

NOD-Like Receptors

intracellular receptors that recognize cytoplasmic PAMPs

some NLRs –form–> the inflammasome for generation of cytokines

31
Q

RLRs

Functions of PRRs
(Innate immunity)

A

RIG-I-Like Receptors

Cytoplasmic RNA HELICASES
sense viral RNA replication and
–signal–> production of INTERFERONS

32
Q

INFLAMMATION

A

innitiated by tissue damage
–> Pain / Redness / Heat / Swelling

INCREASE in activity of WBC:
1st - Phagocytic Cells (mainly PMN Leukocytes)

2nd - Macrophages + B&T-cells
with specific responses

33
Q

Acute Phase Response

A

1st - response to PAMPs by innate immune system cells

  • *Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines** Released:
  • *IL-1 // IL-6 // TNF-alpha**

Induction of FEVER –> CRP release // Complement // Fibronogen

Leukocyte Migration

Phagocytosis

34
Q

INFLAMMASOMES

A

Multiprotein Complexes found in the CYTOSOL
respond to cytosolic inflammation

  • *cytosolic PAMPs & DAMPs**
  • -> NLRs bind the pathogen –> oligomerize –> form the Inflammasome

Capsase-1 cleaves precursor peptides to generate:
IL-1Beta & IL18
(inflammatory cytokines)

35
Q

LOCALIZED Inflammatory Ressponses

A

Kinins & Cytokines
cause local smooth muscle contraction
block NERVOUS impulses –> distal muscle relaxation

INCREASE vascular permeability

Kinins –> stimulate nerves –> pain& itching

Chemotactic cytokines
lead leukocytes –> permeate –> to damage

36
Q

Chemotactic Cytokines
type of Localized Inflammatory Response

A

Lead LEUKOCYTES –> through bloodstream near SITE OF DMG

INCREASED vascular permeability
–> allows leukocytes to pass –> TISSUE

Destruction of PATHOGEN follows

37
Q

CHEMOKINES

A

come from DAMAGED CELLS

  • *locally INDUCE INCREASED expression of:**
  • *cell-adhesion molecules** + increase vascular permeability

Leukocytes carry ligands on surface
–> cell-adhesion molecules bind –> stick to site of dmg
–> ROLL along the endothelium –> PASS THROUGH
to attack pathogen

38
Q

THYMUS GLAND

stops producing thymocytes as you age
OKAY, since you will have had a LARGE & LONG LASTING
population of T-CELLS

A

Colonized by stem cells from BONE MARROW

Site for Maturation of:
Lymphocytes + T-CELLS

also many:
Macrophages & Dendritic Cells
for digesting apoptopic thymocytes (developing t-cells)
located in the MEDULLA –> way out

39
Q

SPLEEN
Secondary Lymphoid Tissue

A

Main FXN:
Generate Immune response to AG’s in BLOOD

  • *Centers** are rich in B-CELLS
  • *Periphery** rich in T-CELLS
  • also LOTS OF APCs*

AG –> Spleen –> taken up by APCs
then digested / presented to B&T Cells –> stimulate immune response

40
Q

LYMPH NODES
Secondary Lymphoid Tissue

A

Main FXN:
Generate IMMUNE REPONSE to AGs in TISSUES

Lots of B&T-Cells + APCs

  • *AG –> Node** –> taken up by APCs
  • -> presented to B&T cells –> stim immune response
41
Q

THREE WAYS for
LYMPHOCYTE & AG Migration/Recirculation

A

1) AG enters BLOODstream
- -> pass through SPLEEN, meets the APCs –> Activates B&T-cells

2) AG penetrates SKIN
passes through LYMPH NODE –> generate immune response

3) AG enters GI or RESPIRATORY TRACT
meets MALT or BALT

PDAT4 (34 decks)

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