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Question 1

Loneliness def and some side effects

Answer 1

The feeling that we lack companions and no one understands us. Chronic loneliness can lead to heart disease, increase risk of stroke by a third, inflammation, obesity. Significant effect on wellbeing.

Question 2

Why is social psych important? Summary

Answer 2

Our most important functions are social. Living socially was a major driving force in evolution; eg
- Dunbar’s number of 150 (1992) showed the average number of people ur brain can cope with. 150 in a hunter gather society, 150 Christmas cards, 150 facebook friends.
- Tajfel (1970) found that if u tell ppl they’re in a group, they will try to maximise their group, as their membership is important to them

Question 3

3 main reasons people are important

Answer 3

Health, cooperation and cultural transmission

Question 4

Studies for loneliness on health

Answer 4

1- Berkman and Breslin did 20 year longitudinal study. Found that those with the fewest relationships are twice as likely to die. They controlled for smoking, exercise, alcohol etc
2-Kendler found that both giving and receiving social support protects against depression. Especially for women providing it (Brown)
3- Cmaraderie creates higher pain tolerance, and emotinal tolerance. Eg in rowers (Cohen) or fire fighters, could train more intensely for longer together

Question 5

Studies for why people are important for cooperation

Answer 5

Cooperation is useful for trading ( a social network allows for this to occur), hunting and warfare.
Eg in Sherif’s Robbers Cave Study, when separated into groups, became v competitive, had to give them a superordinate goal to work together.
Social cohesion shown in Brazilian football fans who aggressive against opposing team.

Question 6

Why are people important for cultural transmission

Answer 6

• Gossip( Dunbar found that 70% of convos in dining hall was about social relationships, half of this about third parties),
• Social learning eg ppl build a bridge better than the first ppl who they see attempt
• informational conformity- Sheriff autokinetc light study

Question 7

Triangle of love model theory

Answer 7

Sternberg proposed the Triarchic Model of Love; need intimacy, passion and commitment to have consummate love.
If not all 3, could be romantic love, companionate love or fatuous love.

Question 8

Passion def, study, and scale

Answer 8

= an intense longing for union with the other. Associated with arousal and attribution( related to a specific person)
- Dutton and Aron asked men to walk over suspension bridge, and found that they found the woman at the end more attractive, bc they were aroused ( misattribution of arousal).
- Passionate Love Scale by Hatfield and Sprecher includes 3 components; cognitive, affective and behavioural passion.

Question 9

How does Fisher split sexual passion from romantic ?

Answer 9

Lust/ sex drive is undifferentiated, and related with androgen
Attraction/ romantic love is specific person, and related to dopamine
Attachment/ long term bonding is related to oxytocin, released in childbirth.

Question 10

What’s the biggest predictors of who we are friends with

Answer 10

Proximity
Similarity
Reciprocity

Question 11

Study for proximity

Answer 11

festinger put people in specific rooms and observed relationships formed. Found that students were more likely to form friendships with those closer to them
( because it creates opportunity for exposure/interaction)
(But, might just be exposure effect; students rated visitors they saw more often more positively-Moreland)

Question 12

Similarity studies

Answer 12

We like people who are like us.
- Newcomb found that students were randomly assigned to dorms, and similarities of attitudes correctly predicted friendships.
Also, through sharing negative attitudes about others (gossip) creates bonding.
- Byrne et al found similarity is strong predictor of attraction on blind dates, and it is desired for long term committed relationships too.

Question 13

Similarity theories

Answer 13

• Balance Theory by Heider- if we both like something , we are in balance, and not stressful, so promotes friendship
• Social Comparison Theory- if people have similar values to us, it validates our beliefs, so we use them to calibrate our place in the world

Question 14

Reciprocity

Answer 14

We like people who like us and trust us.
There’s a positive emotional feedback loop, as Collins and Miller showed in a meta analysis eg if john discloses to Mary, Mary likes john, so discloses to him,so he likes her.

Question 15

Social exchange theory

Answer 15

Based on the principles of rewards and costs in interactions eg love, laughter, financial resources vs stress, effort.
People evaluate whether their relationship is profitable or not by keeping track of rewards and costs (accounting), to then determine profit/outcome.
Outcome= rewards- costs.

Question 16

Social exchange theory A and B levels

Answer 16

A is absolute measure. Profit= rewards -costs.
B is comparison level . We want the best possible outcome. We want what we feel we deserve:
Satisfaction = outcome -comparison level
If you have High CL, you expect relationships to be rewarding, low CL, expect trouble, and accept low rewards.

Question 17

Social exchange theory C level

Answer 17

Comparison level for alternatives=CLALT= what we think we could get elsewhere. It’s the standard against which we decide to stay or leave.
Dependence (level of commitment)= outcome- CLALT
If you have a low CLALT, more motivated to stay in current relationship even if it is costly, bc other options are even worse.

Question 18

Social exchange theory 3 equations

Answer 18

• outcome(profit)= rewards- costs
• satisfaction = outcome - CL
• dependence= outcome - CLALT

Question 19

Equity theory =

Answer 19

People are motivated by self interest, but they feel most comfortable when they get what they deserve, we are concerned with fair distribution of costs and rewards. Inequity causes distress.
Equality= partners obtain equal rewards
Equity= ratio of rewards/costs is proportional - should be in balance.

( but, Clark and Mills said this is seen in business relationships, but in close relationships, its communal- ur concern is for other person, not ur own reward)

Question 20

Equity theory =

Answer 20

People are motivated by self interest, but they feel most comfortable when they get what they deserve, we are concerned with fair distribution of costs and rewards. Inequity causes distress.
Equality= partners obtain equal rewards
Equity= ratio of rewards/costs is proportional - should be in balance.

( but, Clark and Mills said this is seen in business relationships, but in close relationships, its communal- ur concern is for other person, not ur own reward)

Question 21

Tajfel’s minimal group paradigm

Answer 21

Participants tend to favor their own group, even when the groups are meaningless and the participants don’t know who else is in their group. Its a method for investigating the minimal conditions for discrimination to occur between groups
Based on social identity theory