1-2 Flashcards
Who coined the term Physiology?
Fernel
Physiology definition
the branch of science that deals with the normal functioning of living organisms and their systems and organs
Define and Organism
An individual animal, plant or single-celled life form
Who invented the binomial naming system
Linnaeus
- This system is a genus and species naming system where the name is italicised and only the Genus name is capitalised
The history of classification using kingdoms
Firstly Linneaus grouped into Animalia and Plantae
Haeckel added Protista after Leeuwenhoek first descirbed single-celled ‘animalcules’
Thought to be the first viewing of bacteria
Whittaker then proposed 5 kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protoctista and Monera
Domain classification
Created by Woese in 1970s
3 domains
Archaea, Bacteria and Eucarya
Domain Archaea
Prokaryotic organisms usually inhabiting extreme environments.
Fundamentally different from bacteria.
Domain Bacteria
Prokaryotic organisms including cyanobacteria but are distinct from archaea
Domain Eucarya
All eukaryotic cells with a nuclear membrane.
However, research has suggested only two domains as eucarya may have evolved from archaea and so is a subset of that domain rather than its own one.
Micrographia
Hooke viewed the first cells as the cellulose cell walls of cork cells as they looked like monastic cells. Then published in micrographia
Prokaryote properties
- x8
- Very small-Average 1-10 μm
- No distinct nucleus
- Nearly all have peptidoglycan cell wall
- No membrane-bound organelles in most
- Rudimentary cytoskeleton
- Small ribosomes loose in cytoplasm = 70s
- Usually unicellular
- Some autotrophic other heterotrophic
Eukaryotic Properties
- x7
- larger cells - 10-30μm for animals but up to 100μm in plants
- Nucleus has nuclear membrane
- Cell wall in some - cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi
- Organelles present
- Well-developed cytoskeleton
- Large ribosomes, majority connected to endoplasmic reticulum - 80s
- Uni or multicellular
Endosymbiotic Theory
- who
- what
- evidence - x4
Lynn Margulis
Mitochondria and plastids in eukaryotic cells are evolutionarily derived from engulfed prokaryotes
Evidence=
1. replicate independently from cell as a whole
2. Double membrane
3. Loop of DNA which is not linear
4. small ribosomes, 70s
Animalia
- type of organisms
- properties - 2
- split into 2 catagories
- almost entirely multicellular Properties 1. Lack cell walls 2. Heterotrophic Catagories 1. Invertebrates—>lacking backbone This isn’t a natural grouping but the next one is 2. Vertebrates—>with backbone=fish, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds
Why was the squid important in neurobiology
Contain giant axons which were easy to do experiments on
Plantae
- properties
- multicellular plants and green algae
- Plants have cellulose cell walls and are mainly autotrophic
majority photosynthesise—>or did in their evolution at some point as some lost ability to do so
Exceptions to photosynthetic plants
- Dodder
- Rafflesia
- Indian Pipe
Why do plants and animals have differences in mechanisms used in processes such as cell communication?
They both developed multicellularity but independently and so have different methods for carrying out same thing.
Fungi
- both uni and multicellular
- Chitin cell walls
- heterotrophic with mainly saprotrophy or parasitism
- Form relationships with algae to form lichens
- form relationships with plant roots to form mycorrhizae
Algae
Simple photosynthetic eukaryotes usually found in moist areas
both red and green but brown does not count
Protozoa
single-celled organisms with animal-like qualities e.g amoeba
Microbe
an organism which requires a microscope to see. Commonly a bacteria, fungi, algae or protozoa
what does amphipathic mean
The molecule has a hydrophobic end and a hydrophilic end
why can’t cell walls exercise a lot of control
The gaps are too large
