1&2

Question 1

Impt for maintenance of normal cell volume in all tissues of the body

Answer 1

Body fluid osmolality

Question 2

Impt for normal fxn of the CVS

Answer 2

Body fluid volume

Question 3

High electrolyte intake

Answer 3

(+) balance

Question 4

High electrolyte excretion

Answer 4

Low electrolytes in the body;

( - ) balance

Question 5

The kidneys produce and secrete

Answer 5

Renin
Calcitrol
Erythropoietin

Question 6

Stimulates RBC formation by the bone marrow

Answer 6

Erythropoietin

Question 7

Activates RAAS whc helps regulate BP and Na & K balance

Answer 7

Renin

Question 8

For metabolsim of Vit D3; necessary for normal absorption of Ca by the GI tract & for its deposition in bone

Answer 8

Calcitriol

Question 9

Renal disease = low Calcitriol production = ?

Answer 9

Poor Ca absorption by the intestine

Question 10

Renal disease = low erythropoietin production = ?

Answer 10

Low RBC produciton = anemia

Question 11

Paired organs that lie on the post wall of the abdomen behind the peritoneum on either side of the vertebral column

Answer 11

Kidneys

Question 12

Outer region of the kidney

Answer 12

Cortex

Question 13

Inner region of the kidney

Answer 13

Medulla

Question 14

Functional units of the kidneys

Answer 14

Nephrons

Question 15

The medulla divides into conical masses called

Answer 15

Renal pyramids

Question 16

The base of a renal pyramid orginates at the

Answer 16

Corticomedullary border

Question 17

The apex of a renal pyramid terminates in a

Answer 17

Papilla,

W/c lies within a major calyx

Question 18

Collects urine from each papilla

Answer 18

Minor calyces

Question 19

The minor calyces expand into two or three open-ended pouches

Answer 19

Major calyces

Question 20

The major calyces turn feed into the

Answer 20

Pelvis

Question 21

Carries urine from the pelvis to the urinary bladder

Answer 21

Ureter

Question 22

Supplies blood to the kidneys

Answer 22

Peritubular capillaries

Question 23

Each human kidney contain approx how many nephrons

Answer 23

1.2 M

Question 24

Hollow tubes composed of a single layer

Answer 24

Nephrons

Question 25

Th nephrons consists of:

Answer 25

A renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, loop of henle, | distal tubule, collecting duct system

Question 26

The passive movement of an essentially protien-free fluid from the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's space

Answer 26

Ultrafiltration

Question 27

Epithelial cells that cover the capillaries and form the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule

Answer 27

Podocytes

Question 28

The space between the visceral layer and the parietal layer, whch at the urinary pole of the glomerolus becomes the lumen of the proximal tubule

Answer 28

Bowman's space

Question 29

The filtration barrier is formed by

Answer 29

The capillary endothelium Basement membrane Foot processes of podocytes

Question 30

The endothelial cells synthesize a number of vasoactive substances that are important in controlling renal plasma flow

Answer 30

NO | endothelin-1

Question 31

An important filtration barrier | Thought to function primarily as a charge-selective filter

Answer 31

Basement membrane

Question 32

Functions primarily as size-selective filter | Keeps the proteins and macromolecules that cross the basement membrane from entering bowman's space

Answer 32

Filtration slits

Question 33

The juxtaglomerular apparatus includes:

Answer 33

Macula densa of the thick ascending limb Extraglomerular mesangial cells Granular cells of the afferent arteriole

Question 34

Three general processes for assesment of renal function

Answer 34

Glomerular filtration Reabsorption of the substance from tubular fluid back into the blood Secretion of the substance from blood into tubule fluid

Question 35

Renal clearance principle

Answer 35

Fick principle

Question 36

Represents a volume of plasma from whc all the substances has been removed & excreted into urine per unit time

Answer 36

Clearance

Question 37

Equal to the sum of the filtration rates of all fxning nephrons

Answer 37

GFR

Question 38

Index of kidney fxn | Essential in evaluating the severity and course of kidney disease

Answer 38

GFR

Question 39

Low GFR = ?

Answer 39

Progressing kidney disease

Question 40

Regulatory organs rather than excretory

Answer 40

Kidneys

Question 80

Short segment of the thick ascending limb

Answer 80

Macula densa

Question 81

Proximal tubule cells have an extensively amplified apical membrane called the ______, whc is present only in the proximal tubule

Answer 81

Brush border

Question 82

The basolateral membrane ( the blood side of the cell) is highly invaginated and contains _________

Answer 82

Many mitochondria

Question 83

The descending and ascending thin limbs of loop of henle and the inner medullary collecting duct have cells that are______

Answer 83

Poorly developed apical and basolateral surfaces & few mitochondria

Question 84

Have abundant mitochondria & extensive infoldings of the basolateral membrane

Answer 84

Cell of the thick ascending limb and the distal tubule

Question 85

Two cell types in the collecting duct:

Answer 85

Principal cells - for NaCl reabs & K secretion, few mitochondria, moderately inveginated basolat membrane Intercalated cells - for acid-base balance, high density mitochon, secretes H/HCO3