1-2-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

“The Columbian Exchange refers to the exchange of diseases, ideas, food. crops, and populations between the New World and the Old World following the voyage to the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492.”

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2
Q

Spanish Empire- God, gold, glory

A

The Spanish were the first to understand the potential of the Americas other than another route to Asia (God, Gold, Glory). They claimed the New World for themselves and colonized; conquistadors like Hernando Cortes and Francisco Pizarro conquered natives like the Aztec and Inca. Fought with natives a decent amount but eventually made peace with them, wouldn’t matter much since Spanish pop. grew while natives shrunk. Most explorers came for gold and silver, and had super successful mines. Others farmed, and permanent settlements were created. Others came as missionaries, causing Catholicism to rise in the area. However, there were few families or permanent settlers, so the Americas were mostly used for money. Grew cash crops like sugar.

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3
Q

English Transplantations

A

Jamestown, puritans ykyk

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4
Q

Interactions between Africans and americans

A

Most African slaves came from guinea against their will, often as prisoners of a rival tribe who sold them to white people on the coast. Africa was less interconnected and had strong tribal bonds, but really only trade outside of that. They had slaves in Africa too, but they were mostly prisoners of war and their bondage would not carry onto their children. The African slave trade had started before the new world, but increased dramatically when they needed more workers to harvest sugarcane. In America, they created rich culture combining their traditions back home with Christianity they learned in the US

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5
Q

INcentives for English to colonize

A

RELIGION: lots of fighting back in england and no freedom of religion. Protestant reformation caused church to be divided, and new sects like Puritans faced lots of oppression. Wanted to be allowed to practice their religion, moved to New WorldECONOMIC: Worldwide demands for wool was converting cropland to sheep land. This caused a food deficit and people sold their land in return to move to the New WorldDon’t forget their idea of Mercantilism: colonies have economic benefits (sell lots and buy little)

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6
Q

French/Dutch Empires

A

The french first settled in Quebec, created close ties with the natives and lived among them. Many were coureurs de bois (fur traders) and were crucial to their economy. THis would lead to many French settlements on rivers. The dutch basically did the same but on the Hudson River in New Amsterdam.

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7
Q

Jamestown

A

The first English settlement in the New World, which was partly because they were afraid of spain who was already there. They settled in Virginia (104/144 who started the journey) and thought the natives were useless so they didn’t attempt relations with them. However, they didn’t know how to farm in Virginia, so they needed to lean on the natives to learn how to farm there. The colony might have died out if it wasn’t for Captain John Smith, who kept them orderly until a ship came with resources and more people. (only 38 original men were left). THeir shaky relationship with the natives got worse because they stole corn from the Powatans, and in turn the Powatans killed their animals. However, Jamestown would last for over a decade.

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8
Q

House of Burgesses

A

In the colonies around Jamestown, the Virginia COmpany took the lead to take poor people over in exchange for working for them. They grew tobacco, had craftsmen and families, etc. They were promised the full rights of Englishman, and had their own gov. called the House of Burgesses (which would make important decisions later on)

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9
Q

Mayflower Compact

A

In the Plymouth Puritan settlement. Had many hardships like winter and getting lost, but stayed together because of the help of the natives. Formed a government and pact through the Mayflower compact

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10
Q

New England Town Meetings

A

A big part of government, where everyone would meet about once a year and people could discuss and bring up topics they wanted to address or change

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11
Q

Joint stock companies and proprietors

A

Carolinas started as 8 proprietors, who then gave land to others and tried to found a system similar to other colonies. Idk where we’ve mentioned Joint stock companies before, but they were companies that had multiple shareholders who all participated and funded a the company

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12
Q

Colonial Origins: PA

A

Started as an English Protestant group escaping oppression and England (sect of friends). Also known as the Quakers, and were different from Puritans because they rejected predestination/original sin. They had a no violence philosophyWere granted Pennsylvania as a colony (they were somewhat rich). known as a cosmopolitan colony due to William Penn’s good advertising, recruiting and planning of the colonyhad lots of fertile land and a good climate, and their relationship with the natives was originally very goodtowards the end, delaware would split of and become independent

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13
Q

Colonial Origins: NY

A

Had a GREAT harbor (NYC) with the Hudson connected (Great trade). Had pretty fertile soil and patroons (landowners) had basically fiefdoms in NYNew Amsterdam was Dutch and very religiously tolerant, they were focused on business. THus, the area was very diverseThe English gave NY to the Duke of NY, which caused tension since the Dutch already owned it and it led to more conflict

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14
Q

Colonial Origins: CT

A

Not that important really; was founded during the expansion of New England when people wanted to escape the melding of church and state happening in other places. The Connecticut river valley was a good place for this

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15
Q

Colonial Origins: GE

A

Originally kinda sorta belonged to Spain but became an English colony that was like a barrier. It was for people who were poor, in jails or in debt back in England to use as a fresh start. Landholding sizes were small to make it easier to defend against attacks, and slave labor was uncommon to prevent revolts. Additionally, no Catholics were around since the Spanish were catholic

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16
Q

Colonial Origins: MA

A

England became more and more anti-puritan, which made more want to migrate over. They came over with about 1000 people, the largest single migration yet. They created many settlements including an early version of BostonThey brought their charter over with them so they wouldn’t answer to anyone in EnglandThey had a theocracy under Puritan rule

17
Q

Colonial Origins: MD

A

Started out as a refuge for Catholics (and a real estate venture for Lord Baltimore)They needed the numbers from Protestants, but wanted to stay Catholic so they put in acts of religious tolerance (Act concerning Religion) which said anyone of the overall Christian faith could practice and live there. They then invited Protestants in.Had representatives, called the House of Delegates. However, Lord Baltimore had the ultimate say and his favoring of family/friends created an upper class.Grew Tobacco and had indentured servants

18
Q

Bacon’s Rebellion

A
  1. Sir William Berkely was the royal governor of Virginia for 30 years, explored territory, killed natives, expanded his own power by limiting the House of Burgesses to white male landowners (how white man of him)2. Nathaniel Bacon was a farmer who wanted to move west, but the gov. didn’t allow him because they were afraid of native uprisings. He also wanted to join the fur trade, but couldn’t bc the gov controlled it3. additionally, this was around the time when many indentured servants were finishing their contract, so they had no homes or money and were often desperate (they would help the rebellion)4. A conflict erupted between the English and natives in 1675. Bacon asked for military support and Berkely said no. Bacon went and made his own army and Berkely said they were rebels for it. After this Bacon led his army to Jamestown, burned down a sizeable portion of the city, and forced the governor into exile5. Bacon dies of dysentery and Berkely regains control, but the rebels showed their gov was weak and there was tension in colonies
19
Q

John Winthrop’s model society

A

In a settlement of Massachusetts had a covenant that stated all citizens would work hard, form a community, be holy and worship god, etc. and thought that they would pave the way for other model societies in the New World.

20
Q

King Philip’s War

A

Wampanoag Tribe retaliates against English settlements and kill thousands in Mass. they were even using rifles from the English (even though they weren’t taught how to use or repair them). Eventually, the settlers crushed the uprising after killing King Phillip/Metacomet (chief), but casualties were high on both sides.

21
Q

Navigation Acts

A

Acts passed to regulate trade in the colonies, who were too independent and booming economically for England’s taste1. colonies cannot trade unless goods are carried by English ships. tobacco and all other items can be exported only to England or other English colonies2. all goods going from Europe to the colonies must pass through England 3. England could appoint custom officials to enforce the navigation acts

22
Q

North vs South Economy

A

South economy was heavily based on farming, so farms were large and cities were small. They mostly grew cash crops like tobacco thus they needed more slaves and indentured servants, especially since most white people refused to do the very hard work involved with things like rice production. Demand for tobacco caused farmers to get very wealthy, but they sometimes grew too much which caused prices to drop and thus their economy fluctuated a lot. Northern economy was more stable and focused on trading more than farming. There were some farms, but they were smaller and the cities were larger. Man were craftsmen, artisans, or entrepreneurs. They were very commercial and had large ports that helped transfer goods.

23
Q

Slaves and the Middle Passage

A

Slaves were in high demand especially in the south for farming. They were brought over from Africa or sometimes the west indies on the middle passage, where they were cramped in the bottom of ships in horrible conditions. the Royal African Company of England was a monopoly of the slave trade for a while, but this eventually broke. As more slaves came, they replaced indentured servants as a work force. Originally, they were treated somewhat like the servants as their social and legal status was still undecided, until “slave codes” in the 17th century defined them as lesser and oppression increased

24
Q

Early Immigrants (like the germans scots and irish)

A

all came over because of oppression back home, like protestant Germans wanting the right to practice

25
Q

The Great Awakening

A

Many religions were concerned about being forgotten and they tried to revive themselves. This peaked in the 1740s and appealed to mostly women and younger sons who wouldn’t inherit much from fathersThe awakening emphasized that people could break away from their past and recreate a new relationship with god, and was spread by Evangelists from EnglandGreat awakening led to more divisions within religion (New light and old light) and created new sects, some traditional, some newer style

26
Q

Zenger Case

A

exposed the corrupt royal government and got freedom of the press but i’m still confused I don’t remember this