1-2

Question 1

Drift Lithologies

Answer 1

The poorly consolidated sediment on top of rock

- usually from Quaternary

Question 2

Generalised vertical section

Answer 2

THe side of a map - show CAT

C = Contact between rock types
A = Age
T = Thicknesses (Relative)

Question 3

Cross Sections

Answer 3

Display spatial distribution in Vertical Plane of all units, structural data etc

Question 4

Scale of maps of continents, oceans, planets?

Answer 4

1:10,000,00 and smaller

Question 5

Map scale of continents, countries - over multiple sheets

Answer 5

1:5,000,000
to
1:1,000,000

Question 6

Map scale countries, provinces, states

Answer 6

1:500,000

Question 7

Map scale of regional geology

Answer 7

1:250,000

Question 8

Standard map scales for reasonably detailed published maps (3)

Answer 8

1) 1:63,360
2) 1:50,000
3) 1:25,000

Question 9

Standard map scale for field mapping and SSSI

or economic interest

Answer 9

1:10,000 and larger

Question 10

Stratigraphy

Answer 10

Description of all rock bodies forming the Earth;s crust and their organisation into distinctive, useful, mappable units

Question 11

Stratigraphic unit

Answer 11

Body of rock established as distinct entity based on any of the properties share by entire rock

Question 12

Lithostratigraphy

Answer 12

Subdivision of rock bodies by lithological properties

Question 13

What is a formation

Answer 13

A basic mappable unit
10s-100s m thick

• usually of one or more members or beds

Question 14

What is a group

Answer 14

multiple, similar formations

supergroup is several groups

Question 15

Biostratigraphy

Answer 15

Subdivision of rock bodies by fossil content

Question 16

Biostratigraphic unit

Answer 16

biozone

- named for specific index fossil

Question 17

Chonostratigraphy

- the units

Answer 17

based on the time of fomration of rock bodies - form basis of geological time scale

Question 18

What is a global stratotype

GSSP = global stratotype section and point

Answer 18

a fixed positoon in a real rock section - used to define the base of each subdivision of timescale

• drill in a golden spike

Question 19

Oldest rock

Answer 19

Acasta gneiss
Canada
4.03Ga

Question 20

Oldest rock in UK

Answer 20

Lewisian gneiss

3Ga

Question 21

Geochronology

Answer 21

chronostratigraphy provides order

- geo calibrates time - radiometric dating

Question 22

Chronostratigraphic time period names

Answer 22

Eonothem, erathem, system, series and stage

Question 23

Geochronological units

Answer 23

Eon, era, period, epoch and age

Question 24

Magnetostratigraphy

Answer 24

magnetic reversals to order rock bodies

Question 25

Chemostratigraphy

Answer 25

geochemical variations such as trace elements and isotopic signatures to order

Question 26

Cyclostratigraphy

Answer 26

Study of astronomically-forc ed clmate cycles within sediment successions - MILANKOVICH CYCLES

Question 27

Diachronous

Answer 27

Opposite to synchronous - sediments layed down in different areas of a single seddiment basin - so overlap of deposit through time

Question 28

Closure temperature

Answer 28

temperature at which diffusion does not occur within a crystal and so the decay system of radioacftive isotopes does not diffuse and mix - point at which age can be measured from

Question 29

Rheology

Answer 29

study of the flow of matter | - in structural geology - relating response of a material to forces that act upon it

Question 30

Igneous or metamorphic complexes

Answer 30

when too difficult to divide rocks

Question 31

Date of anthropocene epoch

Answer 31

July 16th 1945 - Plutonium 239 fallout from nuclear test - so can identify in rock record

Question 32

Outlier

Answer 32

Younger rock within older rock on the surface - due to erosion and topography

Question 33

Inlier

Answer 33

Older rock in younger

Question 34

Waterman-Butterfly Projection

Answer 34

Miliar indicatrix across whole map - so size and shape of continents conserved - but not on a small scale does it work

Question 35

Structural Geology

Answer 35

measurement and interpretation of 1D, 2D and 3D structures in rocks - things by deformation - not really sedimentary of magmatic processes

Question 36

Linear Structures in rocks

Answer 36

aligned mineral grains, fold axes, fault striae

Question 37

How are linear structures defined?

Answer 37

00/000 So plunge first, the angle down from horizontal that a linear feature

Question 38

Planar structures

Answer 38

Bedding planes cleavage fault surfaces joints

Question 39

How are planar structures defined?

Answer 39

000/00 Strike - the direction from which if you face the plane is dipping to the right Dip - from horizontal downwards dip direction - if have no strike measaurement

Question 40

St Francis Dam Collapse

Answer 40

``` 1928 431 deaths Failure due to rock properties - west side had conglomerate which was already pretty weak when dry but then wet = too soft and collapsed ```

Question 41

Hazard Assessment example - Central Asia

Answer 41

Large deformation zones and less money to prevent mass damage - so structural geology to prioritise and predict the next fault movement via stress field

Question 42

What is the pitch of a line?

Answer 42

when a linear feature is within a bedding plane, the pitch is the angle of direction from the horizontal down the dip

Question 43

Wulff vs Schmid pojection

Answer 43

Wulff is equal angle | Schmid is equal area - so preserve density of data points - so more useful

Question 44

Polar vs meridional projection

Answer 44

Polar from side - cangt plot planes but can plot poles of planes - always measure angles Meridional = to plot planes

Question 45

What does it mean when the poles to bedding form a tight cluster on a stereonet?

Answer 45

The beds are uniformally dipping

Question 46

On a stereonet, the pooles of bedding are distributed along a great circle - What does this mean?

Answer 46

This is a cylindrical fold | - the angle that spans all the points along the great circle is the interlimb angle

Question 47

The profile shape of a fold can be determined by the distribution of the poles of bedding planes along the great circle of a steronet. What is associated with a) An angular fold? b) A rounded fold?

Answer 47

a) 2 clusters of poles - so 2 similarly dipping planes | b) A roughly even spread of poles along the great circle

Question 48

What problems can using a stereonet to determine geology present?

Answer 48

Hard for asymmetrical folds and overturned limbs There can also be a sampling bias which can make things look like others