1 Flashcards
1
sedentary societies
permanent societies, no need to migrate
neolithic revolution (first agricultural revolution)
10000 BCE to 2200 BCE. Began in the fertile crescent, India, China, Mesoamerica. Significance, population growth and sedentary societies.
First crops
wheat, barley, corn (native americans), rice
second agricultural revolution
1600s and 1700s. significance, malthus theory was debunked, food production could grow exponentially.
enclosure
the consolidation of large farms by individuals, driving out small communal farmers.
Exponential growth for food production was made possible by advances in technology such as what?
mechanization
mechanization
mechanical plower and reaper, seed drill, barbed wire fences, fertilizer, combine
green revolution (third agricultural revolution)
scientists used knowledge of genetics to develop high-yield strains of crops, plant hybrids, pesticides. It led to the development of GMOs
GMOs
a plant or animal obtained through genetic manipulation
pros of GMOs
feed large populations affordably
cons of GMOs
impure food, environmental damage, exploitation of small farmers and workers by corporations, small farmers were driven out many small farmers could not afford the hybrid seeds and chemicals.
agribusiness
large scale agricultural business (production, processing, distribution) of food
biotechnology
the science of altering organisms through genetic manipulation
commodity chain
a network of people, information, processes and resources that work together to produce and distribute a product
why were the chicken farms located next to each other in rural area?
cheap land and labor
agglomeration
when businesses in the same industry are located next to each other
vertical integration
when a company controls every step of production from start to finish
economy of scale
costs reductions that occur when production rises
subsidies
loans, insurance, payments to farmers from the government (incentives to replace the lack of profit)
tariffs
a tax on foreign goods
Top 2 agricultural exports
corn and soybeans
commercial farming
larger scale agricultural practice
subsistence farming
growing just enough crops and livestock to feed a family or village
who would be the last to be affected by a price increase of diesel?
distributors
agricultural hearth
the region where the crop originated
where did grapes and olives originate?
Mediterranean climate zone(mild) - Greece and Italy
where did potatoes originate?
southern mexico, can grow in high altitudes.
where did wheat originate?
southwest Asia (Iraq)
where did rice originate?
China
which crops originated around the equator?
bananas, coffee, tobacco
columbian exchange
the exchange of crops and livestock between the old world and the new world
what came from the old world?
wheat, sugar, cattle, pigs, horses, chickens
what came from the new world?
maize, potato, tomato, tobacco, pineapple, avocado, cocoa
difference between plantations and commercial farms in developed states
-plantations focus on monocropping and monoculture
-commercial farms in developed states are more mechanized
monocropping
planting the same crop for multiple seasons
monoculture
planting the same crop annually
cons of monoculture/monocropping
depletes the nutrients in the soil
commodity dependence
occurs when 60% of a states’s export is dependent on one or two commodities (fluctuating prices in world markets
what is an example of commodity dependence?
Nigeria and oil
intensive agriculture
requires intensive labor but not much land
what are some examples of intensive agriculture?
dairy farms, chicken farms, wet rice fields in Asia, tobacco and coffee plantations, mixed agriculture
mixed agriculture
crops + livestock
feedlots
save space
is mixed agriculture intensive or extensive agriculture?
intensive agriculture
extensive agriculture
requires a large amount of land but is not labor intensive
what are examples of extensive agriculture?
slash and burn agriculture, grain fields, ranches
slash and burn agriculture
cut down trees in a plot of land and burn the trees for fertilizer
what are other names for slash and burn agriculture?
swidden and shifting agriculture
