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Question 1

What is operationalization in research?

Answer 1

Turning abstract concepts into measurable variables.

Question 2

Why is operationalization important?

Answer 2

It ensures clarity and allows concepts to be tested empirically.

Question 3

Why must a hypothesis be falsifiable?

Answer 3

To ensure it can be tested and potentially disproven.

Question 4

What was a major criticism of Asch’s experiment?

Answer 4

It lacked ecological validity due to artificial tasks.

Question 5

What was the Stanford Prison Experiment designed to study?

Answer 5

How roles and situations influence behavior.

Question 6

What is a between-subjects design?

Answer 6

A design where different participants are assigned to each condition.

Question 7

What is a within-subjects design?

Answer 7

A design where the same participants are exposed to all conditions.

Question 8

What is the main advantage of a within-subjects design?

Answer 8

It controls for individual differences by using participants as their own control.

Question 9

What are the disadvantages of a between-subjects design?

Answer 9

Larger sample sizes are needed, and results may be affected by individual differences.

Question 10

What is nominal data?

Answer 10

Categorical data without any order or ranking, like colors or names.

Question 11

What is ordinal data?

Answer 11

Ordered data without consistent intervals, such as rankings.

Question 12

What is interval data?

Answer 12

Data with equal intervals but no true zero, like temperature in Celsius.

Question 13

What is ratio data?

Answer 13

Data with equal intervals and a true zero, like height or time.

Question 14

Why does data level matter?

Answer 14

It determines the statistical tests that can be applied.

Question 15

What is the goal of experimental research?

Answer 15

To establish causation by controlling variables and eliminating confounds.

Question 16

What is co-variation?

Answer 16

A relationship where two variables change together.

Question 17

What is the importance of time-order relationships in research?

Answer 17

They establish that the cause precedes the effect.

Question 18

What is a confounding variable?

Answer 18

An external factor that can affect the results of a study, complicating causation.

Question 19

How does sample size impact research findings?

Answer 19

Larger samples reduce error variance and increase the power of the study.

Question 20

What is statistical power?

Answer 20

The likelihood of detecting a true effect in a study.

Question 21

How does the number of conditions affect sample size needs?

Answer 21

More conditions in a study require larger sample sizes.

Question 22

What is the advantage of ratio data over interval data?

Answer 22

Ratio data allows for meaningful comparisons using ratios, while interval data does not.

Question 23

What is the significance of using R in PSYC134?

Answer 23

It enables data visualization and statistical analysis in research.

Question 24

What are the four key steps in designing an experiment?

Answer 24

Define concepts, operationalize variables, control for confounds, and collect data systematically.

Question 25

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 25

A prediction about the relationship between variables that can be tested.

Question 26

What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?

Answer 26

A theory is a framework for understanding phenomena, while a hypothesis is a specific testable prediction.

Question 27

What makes a study ethically sound?

Answer 27

Informed consent, minimizing harm, and ensuring confidentiality.

Question 28

Why is replication important in research?

Answer 28

It verifies the reliability and validity of findings.

Question 29

What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?

Answer 29

Descriptive statistics summarize data, while inferential statistics draw conclusions about a population.

Question 30

What are common confounds in psychological research?

Answer 30

Variables like socioeconomic status, education, or environment that can affect outcomes.

Question 31

How do natural group designs differ from experiments?

Answer 31

Natural group designs compare existing groups without manipulating variables.

Question 32

What is the role of random assignment in experiments?

Answer 32

To ensure that groups are comparable and reduce bias.

Question 33

Why is peer review critical in psychological research?

Answer 33

It evaluates the validity, significance, and originality of studies before publication.