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Question 1

1. industrial revolution
2. green revolution

Answer 1

1. • large scale productiona and services
     - urban consumer society
     - pollution, land clears
2. • mechanised agriculture -> boosted food production
     - fertilizers, pesticides
     - resource use and waste rocketed

Question 2

Gaia hypothesis

Answer 2

Living and dead organisms, as well as inorganic material form constantly moving system that makes up the biosphere. Earth is like a huge self-regulating organism.

Question 3

model, advantages and disadvatages

Answer 3

simplified version of reality that helps to understand how systems work
+ easier to understand
+ allows to predict the outcome
+ we can observe connections and processes
- loss of accuracy
- mistakes will result in false predictions

Question 4

systems approach

types of systems

Answer 4

systems approach - visualizing complex sets of interactions to help us study complex environmental issues

types of systems
- open - matter and energy exchanged
- closed - energy exchanged, matter not
- isolated - neither matter, nor energy exchanged

Question 5

Earth as a system

Answer 5

geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere

All systems are interconnected, change in one will affect others

Question 6

trnasfer vs transformation (states of matter)

Answer 6

1. transfer - no change in chemical form or state of matter
2. transformation - change in chemical form or in a state of matter
   gas -condensation-> liquid -evaporation-> gas
   liquid -solidification-> solid -melting-> liquid
   solid -sublimation-> gas -deposition-> solid

Question 7

EVS - what influences it, types

Answer 7

culture, politics, past, upbringing, society

1. ecocentric - humanity is dependent on nature and ecology, less materialistic life approach -> campains, education, restorations, protection
2. anthropocentric - humans must sustainably manage systems, we can always keep the economy growing -> legislations, bans,
3. technocentric - technological development provides solutions to environmental issues, unlimited resources, pro growth -> inventions (skibidi)

Question 8

1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics

Answer 8

1. Total energy of a system remains constant, even if it changes forms.
2. Entropy of an isolated system not in equilibrium will tend to increase over time.

Question 9

energy - types and flow in environment

Answer 9

ordered form - usefull, solar, chemical, potential
heat - useless, disperesed in space

• energy conversions are never 100% efficient
• when work is done, some energy is lost as waste heat (about 90%)

Question 10

equilibrium

Answer 10

• dynamic - in open systems, continous inputs and outputs of energy and matter, but the whole system remains in constant state - negative feedback
• static - in non living systems, no change over time, after disturbance it will adapt to new equilibrium - positive feedback

Question 11

feedback loops

Answer 11

• negative - output reverses the process in such way to reduce change - stabilizes, neutralizes deviations from equilibrium
• positive - will amplify changes until new equilibrium is adopted

Question 12

resiliance

Answer 12

ability to return to original state after disturbance
- more diverse and complex - > more resiliant

Question 13

stability

Answer 13

ability to withstand a disturbance
- high complexity -> more stable - better withstands stress, alternative solutions are available

Question 14

edge effect

Answer 14

edge effect - changes in population structures that occur at boundary of habitats

Question 15

sustainability

sustainable development

Answer 15

use of resources that allows natural replacement and full recovery of ecosystem

sustainable development meets needs of the present without ocmpromising the ability of future generations to do so

Question 16

natural capital and service

natural income

Answer 16

natural capital - natural resources that the environment provides for humans within order to provide natural income, eg forests, fisheries, deposited minerals, fertile soil.
services: recreation, easthetics, production of oxygen

natural income - yield obtained from natural resources

Question 17

tipping point

Answer 17

tipping point - critical point after which significant change takes place - positive feedback

Question 18

ecological footprint

Answer 18

area required to sustainably provide all resources needed by population

Question 19

pollution

Answer 19

chemical substance, physical agent (heat,light) or living organisms released by humans in amount greater than can be harmlesly rendered by enviroment
- acute - large amount, released quickly
- chronic - long term release in small amount

Question 20

pollutants

Answer 20

• primary - active on emmision
• secondary - formed from primary pollutants
• point source - clearly identifible
• non-point source - numerous origins widely spread
• persistent organic pollutants (pop) - resistant to breaking down, accumulate in animals
• biodegradable - don’t persist in environment and break down quickly

Question 21

pollution management

Answer 21

1. prevent
   - legislation
   - education
   - protect nature
   -biodegradable polymers
   - renewable energy
2. limit
   - fillters
   - taxes
   - renewable resources
3. restore
   - plant in damaged zones
   - clean up

Question 22

DDT

Answer 22

insecticide
+ reduced number of death from malaria
+ cheap
- reduced bird populations
- highly toxic for all organisms
- insects could gain resistance