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Forensics > 1 > Flashcards

1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define physical evidence

A

Any object that can establish that a crime has been committed or can link a crime and its victim to perpetrator

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2
Q

Circumstantial evidence

A

Based on inference and not personal knowledge or observation

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3
Q

Corroborating evidence

A

Evidence that differs but strengthens or confirms other evidence

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4
Q

Exculpatory evidence

A

Tends to establish the innocence of the defendant

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5
Q

What type of questions are addressed by examiners in the following forensic science disciplines?

-forensic biology

A

What is the nature of the biological fluid? Does the evidence sample have sufficient DNA to compare a known sample?

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6
Q

What type of questions are addressed by examiners in the following forensic science disciplines?

-forensic chemistry/toxicology

A

What is the substance? Is there a foreign substance present?

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7
Q

What type of questions are addressed by examiners in the following forensic science disciplines?

-trace evidence

A

Is this a hair? Is it human? What part of the body did it come from?

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8
Q

What type of questions are addressed by examiners in the following forensic science disciplines?

-fingerprint analyst

A

did the fingerprint recovered from the crime scene have the same pattern and features as one of the suspects fingerprints?

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9
Q

What type of questions are addressed by examiners in the following forensic science disciplines?

-firearms and toolmarks examination

A

what type of weapon fired the bullet? did this specific weapon fire the bullet? And what was the distance from the firearm to the victim?

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10
Q

What type of questions are addressed by examiners in the following forensic science disciplines?

-impression evidence

A

Did this shoe create the shoe impression recovered from the crime scene? What type(manufacturer, brand, size) of shoe made the shoe impression?

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11
Q

How is digital evidence collected and processed?

A

Search and analyze process

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12
Q

Define class characteristics

A

Are not unique to an object but allow an item to be included or excluded as belonging to another group

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13
Q

Individual characteristics

A

Unique characteristics that allow an item to be attributed to a specific item or person; exist in both the known and questioned samples

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14
Q

Comparisons are done using what type of characteristics? What conclusions can be made using comparisons?

A

Class characteristics; an inclusions or exclusions

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15
Q

Identifications require what type of characteristics

A

Individual, Unique characteristics that allow an item to be attributed to a specific item or person; exist in both known or questioned samples, Fingerprint features and DNA

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16
Q

Class or individual?

Caucasian human head hair

A

Class

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17
Q

Class or individual?

9mm bullet with a right twist

A

Class

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18
Q

Class or individual?

Microscopic striations on bullet

A

Individual

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19
Q

Class or individual?

DNA profile

A

Individual

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20
Q

Know the following databases: What do they stand for? What info is contained in them? How are they used in forensic investigations?

PDQ

A

Print data query, automotive paint database maintained by the royal canadian mounted police USA, world vehicles, allows an examiner to determine the make/model/year of a vehicle from a single paint chip left at a crime scene

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21
Q

Know the following databases: What do they stand for? What info is contained in them? How are they used in forensic investigations?

CODIS

A

Combined DNA Index System, missing persons

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22
Q

Know the following databases: What do they stand for? What info is contained in them? How are they used in forensic investigations?

NGI

A

Next generation identification system, contains a fingerprint and palm print database improved accuracy, faster response time , increased frequency of identification

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23
Q

Know the following databases: What do they stand for? What info is contained in them? How are they used in forensic investigations?

Automotive carpet database

A

Micro spectrophotometer(fiber color), FTIR(fiber chemical composition

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24
Q

Know the following databases: What do they stand for? What info is contained in them? How are they used in forensic investigations?

Footwear database

A

Enables determination of manufacturer of shoes from prints or impressions left at a crime scene

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25
Q

Know the following databases: What do they stand for? What info is contained in them? How are they used in forensic investigations?

EXPeRT

A

Product information (open source), technical and formulation information(proprietary), high quality photographs of products

26
Q

Know the following databases: What do they stand for? What info is contained in them? How are they used in forensic investigations?

NIBIN

A

National Integrated Ballistics Information Network, Firearms

27
Q

What types of materials are considered trace evidence?

A

Fibers, hairs,soil, glass,paint chips

28
Q

Locards principle of exchange is the foundation of trace evidence. What does locards principle of exchange state?

A

Whenever two people or objects come into physical contact an exchange of materials take place

29
Q

What is primary transfer?

A

Direct transfer- head hair falls from your head onto a chair

30
Q

What is secondary transfer?

A

Indirect transfer- The next person who sits in chair pick up the head hair. The two individuals never had direct contact

31
Q

What two methods are used to collect trace evidence?

A

Vacuum and scraping technique

32
Q

What types of info can you get from the microscopic analysis of hair?

A

Animal vs human, racial characteristics, body area, damage /disease, artificial treatment, forcibly removed or naturally shed

33
Q

What are the three main components of hair?

A

Cuticle, medulla, cortex

34
Q

How do you determine if a hair is an animal hair or a human hair using microscopic analysis?

A

Humans have pigment granules commonly distributed towards cuticle and animals are commonly distributed towards the medulla and scale pattern

35
Q

Caucasian

A

shaft diameter:minimal variation, pigment granules: sparse to moderately dense w even distribution, cross sectional shape: oval/elliptical

36
Q

African descent (negroid)

A

shaft diameter:considerable variation, pigment granules:densely distributed and arranged in prominent clumps, shaft:prominent twist and curl, cross sectional shape: flattened/elliptical

37
Q

Asian descent (mongoloid)

A

shaft diameter: coarse and usually with little to no variation, pigment granules: densely distributed and often arranged in large patchy areas or streaks , medulla:prominent, cuticle:thick, cross sectional shape: round

38
Q

How can you determine the difference between a pubic hair and a beard hair using microscopic comparison?

A

Hair buckled-pubic hair and triangular hair-facial hair

39
Q

What is a dead man’s ring? What case did we discuss that was associated with this hair characteristic ?

A

Kaylee Anthony case, dead man’s ring, characteristics of hair attached to decomposing body

40
Q

How can you tell if a hair has been forcibly removed?

A

They exhibit stretching and contain a follicular tag

41
Q

What are three conclusions that can be made based on the microscopic analysis of hairs/fibers

A

Hairs have similar in microscopic characteristics, indicating an inconclusive (included), the microscopic features of the hairs are not alike and therefore did not come from the same person (excluded), no conclusion can be drawn from the evidence.(inconclusive )This may be due to insufficient specimen or unsuitable exemplars

42
Q

What are the two categories of fiber?

A

Natural fibers and synthetic fibers

43
Q

What type of characteristics are analyzed in the microscopic analysis of fibers?

A

Comparison of: color, diameter,shape, presence of scales, chemical composition

44
Q

Fiber color

A

Microspectrophotometer

45
Q

Fiber chemical composition

A

FTIR and Cross Polarized Light Microscope

46
Q

What is a physical match?

A

Identification

47
Q

What are the two types of glass?

A

Tempered flat glass-shower doors, auto windows

Non-tempered flat glass-laminated windshield, architectural windows

48
Q

What class characteristics(or properties) of glass are used for comparisons?

A

Physical properties, optical properties, chemical properties

49
Q

How do you make an identification using glass?

A

Fractured(Physical match)

50
Q

In glass, radial fractures form on the side _______ the impact of a bullet. Concentric fractures form on the ________ side as the impact of a bullet.

A

Opposite, same

51
Q

A bullet passing through a piece of glass will form a crater that is _____ on the exit side of the glass.

A

Larger

52
Q

Be able to distinguish a bullet entrance hole from a bullet exit hole.

A

Entrance-smooth exit-rough

53
Q

Be able to determine which bullet hole was formed first in glass by analyzing radial fractures

A

Whichever line is longer from the bullet holes is the one that was first

54
Q

What class characteristics are considered in soil analysis? How is soil analysis relevant to forensic science?

A

Chemical properties, physical properties, microscopic

pH, soil texture, biological organisms, connect back to a crime scene or location

A comparison technique to either include or exclude the evidence sample has having originated from a crime scene location

55
Q

Define criminal profiles

A

An educated guess concerning the behavioral characteristics of an unknown offender

56
Q

Does profiling use class or individual characteristics?

A

Class characteristics

57
Q

Are criminal profiles admissible in court?

A

No

58
Q

In criminal profiling, the focus is on the different _____ characteristics evident in a unique crime scene, and what they suggest regarding the offender.

A

Behavioral

59
Q

What are the three goals of criminal profiling?

A

1)provide investigators with possible behavioral characteristics of the unknown offender

2)suggest investigative strategy and interview strategies

3)provide investigators with an idea of the types of belongings which may be found in possession of the unknown offender

60
Q

Examples of cases suitable for profiling

A

Serial homicides, series of rapes, child abductions, child murderers, serial arson, threat communications, workplace violence, ritualistic crimes

61
Q

Examples of cases not suitable for profiling

A

Drive by shootings and school shooters

62
Q

Criminal profiling is the _____ scientific thing you will do in forensics

A

Least

Forensics (4 decks)

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