1 Flashcards
organic compound containing a carboxyl functional group.
A Carboxylic Acid
important functional group that present C=O.
The carboxylic acids are the
citric acid, lactic acid or fumaric acid are produced from by
fermentation
The general formula of a carboxylic acid is
R-COOH
Carboxylic Acid has a
double connection with an oxygen atom and a single bond with a hydroxyl group.
carboxylic acid contains a
hydroxyl group attached to a carbonyl carbon.
carboxylic acid contains a hydroxyl group attached to a carbonyl carbon. Due to
the electronegativity of the oxygen
The carboxylate ion, produced from
the removal of a proton from the carboxyl group
Carboxylic acid molecules are polar due to
the presence of two electronegative oxygen atoms
Carboxylic acid participate in hydrogen bonding due to
the presence of the carbonyl group (C=O) and the hydroxyl group
The solubility of compounds containing the carboxyl functional group in water depends on
on the size of the compound
The boiling point of a carboxylic acid is generally
higher than that of water
carboxylic acid can easily be halogenated via
the Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction.
Fatty acids that are essential to human beings are made up of carboxylic acids. Examples include
omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids.
Higher fatty acids are also used in the
manufacture of soaps.
Hexanedioic acid is used in the
manufacture of nylon-6,6.
What foods contain carboxylic acids
In plants and animals,
citric acid in citrus fruits, such as oranges and lemons
The acid-catalyzed esterification of carboxylic acids with alcohols to
give esters is termed
Fischer esterification
The direct conversion of a carboxylic acid to an amide is difficult because
amines are very basic
aromatic to refer to the class of compounds that contain
six-membered benzene-like rings with three double bonds.
benzene is much less reactive than
typical alkenes and fails to undergo typical alkene addition reactions.
trophile with a benzene ring has a
relatively high activation energy and is rather slow.
Electrophilic aromatic halogenations also occur in the biological synthesis
In humans, the best-known example occurs in the thyroid gland
Aromatic (aryl) halides such as chlorobenzene don’t react. In addition, Friedel–Crafts reactions don’t succeed
on aromatic rings that are already substituted by the groups NO2, CN, SO3H, or COR
In aromatic nitration, for instance, the presence of an OH substituent makes
the ring 1000 times more reactive than benzene,
while an NO2 substituent makes the ring more than
10 million times less reactive.
Aldehydes and Ketones have a double bond functional group. Because
of the greater electronegativity of oxygen
aldehydes and ketones have larger molecular dipole moments (D) than
do alkenes.
presence of oxygen with its non-bonding electron pairs makes aldehydes and ketones hydrogen-bond
acceptors, and should increase their water solubility relative to hydrocarbons.
is the simplest aldehyde
Formaldehyde
is the smallest ketone.
Acetone
Acetaldehyde is largely used for
for the production of acetic acid and pyridine derivatives.
Benzaldehyde is used in
perfumes, cosmetic products, and dyes.
Formaldehyde is a gas. With 40% solution in water, it forms Formalin which is used in
preserving biological specimens.
Formaldehyde is used in
embalming, tanning, preparing glues and polymeric products, as germicides, insecticides, and fungicides for plants
In the household, acetone is used as
nail paint remover and paint thinner.
In medicine, acetone used in
chemical peeling and for acne treatments.
Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), chemically butanone, is a
common solvent. It is used in the production of textiles, varnishes, plastics, paint remover, paraffin
