1 Flashcards
Knowing what’s true
Look at source- where is info coming from- research vs hearsay
Scientific vs legal
Legal- 1- assumption presumed to be guilty
2- seek out `evidence- see if the person is guilty via evidence
3- make a decision- guilty beyond reasonable doubt
Science- have enough evidence to support hypothesis
Both guided by assumptions, rules, data
Method of seeking truth- scientific method- stats and causal statements
Scientists similar to detective
Defining Mental Disorders
Psychiatrists diagnose and categorize mental illness using the DSM-5 (and now DSM-5TR)
400 disorders!
There have been a lot of shifting as to ‘what’ is classified as a disorder.
Hard to define disorders- sycholgists roles- dsm5 and revised
More than 400 disorders
Classification and symptoms- can be very vague and influenced by time
Issue in defining disorder
Homosexuality was in dsm- until recently- disorders can be influenced by current politics
New-Directions in Defining Disorders
In DSM5, each of the mental disorders is conceptualized as a clinically significant behavioural or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with:
Because homosexuality was a disorder-had brutual thearpy
Dsm5- more progressive moves- disorder has to be clinically sig- is affecting life in a sig way
Disorder is different versus every day emotions
Behaviourally and psychogically- long lasting- most ave a time period
Pattern of behaviour associated with distress, diisibaility, impaired functioning, risk of suffering, pain
Loss of freedom- intutionalized, chose not to go out
Research-Treatment Disconnect
We assume the treatment of a disorder addresses the cause of the symptoms.
Treatment- doesn’t work for everyone- varies via person to person
Therapists- usually have go to- are they keeping current- there may be better treatment that they aren’t seeing
Therapists need t understand research and evaluate it to better help patients
Exploring the Biological Paradigm of Mental Health
Exploring the windows of mental health
Neurobiology
Genetics
Development
Evolution
Have o look at multiple effects of behavIOUR neuro- isn’t only one- looking through one window- limited view
Focusing on neurobiology- but many aspects og mental health
Biopsychosicial model
Are biological, psychological and social factors that interact with one another to impact treatment and one’s mental health interact with the person and the levels
Always interacting to cause health
Dan Ariely became fascinated by systematic lying and the science behind it.
Lying has become a part of our socialization- often lie in terms of social functioning
Major lies- how does this happen- money scams even big lies start as small lies- that they think is for good but often snowballs
Does increasing reward affect cheating?
Asked them to tell them how many they got right- without handing in the paper- were given money for every correct one
People did the same but handed in the paper to see how many they got right
In honest- got ¾ right
In dishonest- everyone seemed to get 8
Used economic theory- can rob bank or jus take out my money- cash reward is bigger but to is probability of getting caught
The cash reward is low- but ppl will maximize benefits because there is no risk
If you didn’t lie- you perceived it wasn’t as worthy
Increasing the reward from 50 cents to 2 dollars- does it increase cheating – inc reward didn’t change cheating that much
Does ‘risk’ affect cheating?
Does the risk of ‘getting caught’ affect dishonest behaviour?
50 Multiple choice questions including…
•How deep is a fathom?
•What does 3! equal?
•How many degrees in a triangle?
•15 minutes to answer questions
•$0.10 for every correct answer
•Students asked to transfer answers over to scantron
•3 conditions
Does the risk defect cheating
Economic- says as risk inc cheating Dec
Would get 50 multiple choice questions
control condition solved 32.6 questions,
No-recycle condition solved 36.2 questions
Recycle condition solved 35.9 questions
The average reported performance in the cheating conditions was significantly higher than in the control condition
Control- transfer answers to scantron- standard sheet- looked at it
No recycle- had the correct answer preshaded- could put correct answer if got wrong- bit of risk if they got caught- had to hand in both sheets- not many cheated as they could get caught
Recycle- shredded sheet after transfer- low probability of getting caught- solved no more questions- all participant use same threshold- should I cheet or not
Most ppl cheated a lil no matter reward or risk
If you do it a little- feel okay with it- if don’t feel okay with it- wont do it
Morals impact cheating- wont cheat when it’s with religion but will when about books
There is a moral component of cheating
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD, aka sociopathy)
Disregard for and violation of others rights since age 15, as indicated by one of the seven sub features:
Failure to obey laws and norms by engaging in behavior which results in criminal arrest, or would warrant criminal arrest
Lying, deception, and manipulation, for profit or self-amusement,
Impulsive behaviour
Irritability and aggression, manifested as frequently assaults others, or engages in fighting
Blatantly disregards safety of self and others,
A pattern of irresponsibility and lack of remorse for actions (American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
Can diagnose lying when it reaches past threshold no regard for right or wrong- don’t seem to care/ have no morals
Diagnose with apse- extreme lying, cheating
Manipulative, deceptive often criminals
Diagnosebased on behavior- easier because they do not come for treatment
Cant be diagnosed before 18
They maintain control on reality
The Neural Bases of Cognitive Conflict and Control in Moral Judgement
Personal moral dilemmas involved increased activity bilaterally in the anterior DLPFC (B)
And the inferior parietal lobes
(Wager & Smith, 2003)
Moral dilemmas- would you stop train to save someone
Increases activity in- inferiorr parietal lobes
Also activity in DLPFC- dorso(top)lateral(outside) of prefrontal cortex- reasoning
Poor connection in a Psychopath’s brain
Images of prisoners’ brains show important differences between those who are diagnosed as psychopaths and those who aren’t, according to a study led by University of Wisconsin-Madison researchers.
(Koenigs & Newman, 2011)
Brain differences in amygdala in those with ASPD- non psychopath- have good moral activity
Those with apse- had less activity between amygdala and prefrontal cortex
Alarm in not going off to pay attention or focus on what you are doing
Axons that connect the refrontal cortex and amygdala is ASPD- less connectivity, less activity
DTI and FMRI- functional and structural differences in those With apsd
Amygdala and prefrontal cortex- important for reasoning, fear, empathy, social aspects
Aspd Disorder or Adaptation?
How has this disorder evolved
May not be a disorder- may be harmful dysfunction- lying was a function- take it to extreme- its not serving its goal= harmful dysfunction
Apsd- may be reproductive strategy= adaption, one evolved to take advantage of system
Evolutionarily speaking: By increasing fitness
Many other clinical disorders show a high likelihood of harming family.
It will happen sometimes but should be rare because otherwise everyone would be a cheater
An serve ones genetic interests- increasing fitness
Many psychological disorders show a highlikelihood of hurting family
Apsd- often don’t do that, have
What’s Unique About Psychopaths
They are not like other psychologically disordered…
Not often found to be co-morbid with other disorders / mental illness (which is otherwise common).
Intact ‘Theory of Mind’
Can detect emotions in others
Can predict vulnerability
Show behaviours that may be evolutionarily adaptive.
Have intact theory of mind
Not like other disorders
Make prediction on how other feel
Understand social function
Have the same amount of vhildren as other disorders
Have same reproductive success- could be genetic
Evidence that psychopathology is not a disorder, but rather an adaptive strategy…?
Review of 400 violent offender case files.
Identified psychopaths from case files and scored on Psychopathy Checklist revised (PCL-R).
If it Is adaptive- should help family to benefit fitness
Took ASPD- and looked at who they offended
109 were psychopaths- looked at relatedness to victim
Higher the psychopathy rating- more likely to commmit against nonrelated
Psychopathy inc- victim offender Dec
This can demonstrate that it is a genetic adaptation.
less likely to harm kin
likely an increase in nepotism
