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Question 1

Interaction

Answer 1

the effect of one variable depends on the other variable

Question 2

Experimentation PROS

Answer 2

experimental control: can test for causal relationships

Question 3

Experimentation CONS

Answer 3

• demand characteristics
• generalizability

Question 4

Demand characteristics

Answer 4

knowing you are in an experiment can change behavior

Question 5

Generalizability

Answer 5

experimental situations are often artificial, so they might not apply well to every-day life

Question 6

Confounding variable

Answer 6

an unmeasured 3rd variable that influences both the supposed cause and effect which can make it seem like there is a causal relationship when there is not

Question 7

Eye Movements

Answer 7

• excellent timing information
• useful for studies of natural behavior
• no extra task required

Question 8

Measuring brain electrical activity (EEG, ERPs)

Answer 8

• excellent timing information
• no extra task required
• shows what happens between input and output

Question 9

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Answer 9

• uses magnetic field to scan tissue in real time

Question 10

fMRI

Answer 10

• measures levels of O2 in blood
• good spatial information
• can tell us if two processes are similar or different
• poor timing information

Question 11

Neuropsychology

Answer 11

• examine performance of patients with naturally occurring brain damage
• if patients perform poorly on a cognitive task you can assume that the damaged tissue is normally involved

Question 12

Methods for studying the brain that have high temporal resolution tell us ____ activity is occurring; methods with high spatial resolution tell us ____ activity is occurring

Answer 12

when ; where

Question 13

Any experiment will, by necessity, involve a compromise between

Answer 13

generalizability and control

Question 14

A researcher decides to study the shopping habits of local residents. He goes to the local supermarket and (1) makes a note of what kinds of food people buy, and (2) gives these people a brief survey to assess how healthy they are. After analyzing his data, the researcher concludes that people who buy mainly fruit are healthier than those who buy mainly donuts. Assuming that people eat what they buy, what can we conclude from the data?

Answer 14

healthier people tend to eat more fruit than donuts

Question 15

According to the information processing approach, mental processing can be viewed as _____; while the brain can be viewed as _____.

Answer 15

the “software” of a computer; the computer’s “hardware”.

Question 16

Another name for parallel distributed processing is

Answer 16

Connectionism

Question 17

Janet drank from a jug marked “apple cider.” However, she spit the liquid out when she figured out that the jug contained coffee. Janet likes coffee, so why did she spit it out? It’s likely this is the result of

Answer 17

top-down processing

Question 18

The process that begins with an image being created on the retina, moves on to converting the input into nerve signals, and then passing this information to the brain for further processing is _____ processing

Answer 18

bottom-up

Question 19

A friend tells you that he needs a new “jair”. But, because you’re talking about his office, you barely notice and hear the word “chair”. This is an example of:

Answer 19

using the topic of conversation as context for disambiguation

Question 20

Your friend recently bought a new coat. The first time you see her wearing it, she is in a very dark shadow, but you still know that her coat is red and compliment her on the color. This is an example of:

Answer 20

Normalizing

Question 21

Seeing a raised pattern on a tile that is lit from above looks the same as an indented or concave pattern lit from below. The visual system makes the assumption that the pattern is raised because:

Answer 21

The visual system is using the light-from-above heuristic, derived from the fact that most natural light sources come from above

Question 22

Dichotic listening experiments demonstrate that participants who are paying attention to material in the right ear will probably also be able to remember the _______ of the material they heard in their left ear.

Answer 22

Speaker voice

Question 23

Identifying a word by first recognizing each letter is ___ processing; identifying a word based on its shape is ___ processing.

Answer 23

bottom-up; top-down

Question 24

If a participant searches for a red fish among of blue fish, their search will probably be _____; if they search for a red fish among red cats and blue fish their search will probably be _____.

Answer 24

fast; slow

Question 25

An experiment that had people recognize objects that either did or did not belong in a particular scene demonstrated that _______ may alter perception.

Answer 25

context

Question 26

The main point about attention that can be inferred from the sensory store’s relatively large capacity is that

Answer 26

bottlenecks on attention must be located after the sensory store.

Question 27

A model that recognizes typed characters by first breaking each character into a set of elements, such as “horizontal line”, and then using those elements to retrieve memory representations is doing object recognition using a

Answer 27

feature detection model

Question 28

Having a significant conversation is easier while wiping a counter than while doing arithmetic. Why might this be?

Question 10Select one:

a. cleaning and doing math require the same type of attentional resources.

b. cleaning and doing math use different attentional resources.

c. doing math and talking use the same kind of resources.

d. both B and C

Answer 28

D. both B and C

Question 29

You recently finished your engineering homework of creating a three-dimensional outline diagram of a microwave, when your friend walks in and spills nail polish all over it. They look at the picture and ask, “What was that supposed to be?” Your friend is more likely to recognize the diagram as a microwave if…

Answer 29

The paint does not cover the places where lines meet each other

Question 30

Which finding would be the strongest evidence that people recognize face configurations holistically, rather than by recognizing individual features?

a.
When compared to the original picture, a face with a new mouth is not recognized as well

b.
When compared to the original picture, a face with a mouth that is located much lower than the original is not recognized as well

c.
Both A and B are good evidence that faces are processed holistically

d.
Neither A nor B is good evidence for holistic processing

Answer 30

b.
When compared to the original picture, a face with a mouth that is located much lower than the original is not recognized as well

Question 31

Competing theories about bottlenecks of attention offer different hypotheses about

Answer 31

the amount of processing that happens before the bottleneck.

Question 32

Word superiority effect

Answer 32

Letters are more easily identified when in a word rather than alone or in a non-word sequence

Question 33

Main effect

Answer 33

effects of a single independent variable (without considering the other)

Question 34

How does the brain deal with ambiguity?

Answer 34

• using context (contrasts)
• make assumptions
• use “top-down” information

Question 35

Mondegreens

Answer 35

misinterpretations of words
(ie. all of the other reindeer vs olive, the other reindeer)

Question 36

McGurk Effect

Answer 36

seeing facial movements in tandem with speech changes the auditory perception of the sound

Question 37

Object recognition is

Answer 37

fast, robust, flexible

Question 38

Prosopagnosia

Answer 38

specific inability to recognize familiar faces

Question 39

3 things that can happen when you recognize someone from their face:

Answer 39

1. recognize the face as familiar (i know that face from somewhere)
2. retrieve stored biographical info (ie. where you met them, anything but their name)
3. retrieve the name of the person

Question 40

Alexia

Answer 40

specific inability to read written words

Question 41

What does Alexia reveal about word processing

Answer 41

• word processing can be dissociated from the processing of other visual objects
• happens at multiple levels

Question 42

Temporary memory store for vision

Answer 42

Iconic memory

Question 43

Temporary memory store general

Answer 43

sensory store

Question 44

Temporary memory store for audition

Answer 44

echoic memory

Question 45

Change blindness door experiment

Answer 45

Simons and Levin

Question 46

early selection

Answer 46

select information during perceptual analysis. some information is not fully perceived and linked to meaning

Question 47

late selection

Answer 47

all information is perceived and linked to meaning. selection is done in short-term memory, where some information is retained and other information is forgotten.

Question 48

Hemineglect

Answer 48

brain damage (especially in right parietal lobe) that causes people to be unable to pay attention to information on one side of space.

Question 49

Balint’s Syndrome

Answer 49

Condition caused by damage to parietal lobe. Can only see one object at a time