1 Flashcards
The predilection site of OCD in the equine hock is
The central part of the distal intertarsal joint
The medial malleolus
The talocalcanei joint
Sustentaculum tali
The medial malleolus
The proper name of the skyline-view for the examination of the equine carpus is
* Dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique view
* Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique view
* Caudoproximal-craniodistal oblique view
* Palerolateral view
- Dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique view
The exclaiming time needed to see an osteophyte formation on equine radiograph is
* 1-2w
* 2-3w
* 3-5w
* 4-7w
3-5w
The proper name of the “oxpring’ view for the examination of the navicular bone is:
* Palmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique view
* Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique view
* Caudoproximal-craniodistal oblique view
* Palmarolateral view
- Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique view
The most common site of sub-chondral bone cyst in equine is:
- Medial femoral condyle
- Lateral femoral condyle
- Medial trochlea
- Lateral trochlea
Medial femoral condyle
OCD location in hock?
- DIRT- distal intermediate ridge of the tibia dorsal In the talocrural joint
Which statement is false?
* Phenothiazines should be used with care in stallions – penile prolapse
* Phenothiazines are not usable in shock patients
* Midazolam is an adequate drug to treat tetanus in horses
* Phenothiazines are given most frequently to colic horse to reduce visceral pain
Phenothiazines are given most frequently to colic horse to reduce visceral pain
Which is false?
* Ketamine cannot be given to a standing horse to relieve pain
* b. Lidocaine can be given to a standing horse to relieve pain
* c. Lidocaine administered IV can have adverse effects on the CNS of a hrose
* d. Neuropathy can develop due to inadequate positioning during anaesthesia
Ketamine cannot be given to a standing horse to relieve pain
Which is true?
* Left laryngeal hemiplegia more common in ponies
* Tracheal collapse is more common in thoroughbreds
* Guttural pouch tympany typically affects older horses
* Lymphoid hyperplasia typically affects young horses
- Lymphoid hyperplasia typically affects young horse
Which is false regarding the Winslow herniation (hernia foraminis omentalis) in horses?
* Cribbing and aerophagia are predisposing factors
* At late, intolerant stage of colic, the animal is apathic
* Mostly the ileum or jejunum is involved
* This kind of herniation is also called right dorsal displacement of the large colon
This kind of herniation is also called right dorsal displacement of the large colon
In the colic horse surgery the large colon enterotomy should be created to rinse out the content of the
* Dorsal colon
* Ventral colon
* Pelvic flexure
* Ligamentum caeco-colicum
- Pelvic flexure
The advised surgical method to treat upward fixation of the patella in horses is:
* Lateral femoro-patellar ligament desmotomy
* Medial femoro-patellar ligament desmotomy
* Intermediate femoro-patellar ligament desmotomy
- Medial femoro-patellar ligament desmotomy
How do you suture the trachea of a horse?
* Min 1 layer
* Min 2 layers
* Min 3 layers
* Min 4 layers
- Min 2 layers
How can you perform a more or less “specific” anaesthetise the origin of the suspensory ligament (m. interosseus medius) in the front limb?
* High palmar nerve block
* Lateral palmar nerve block
* Carpometacarpal joint anaesthesia
* N. medianus anaesthesia
- Lateral palmar nerve block
How can you anaesthetize the origin of the suspensory ligament (interosseus medius) on the hind leg?
- With the abaxial sesamoidean block
- With the low six point block – it will be anaesthetized within 30 min
- With the deep branch anest. Of the lat. Plantar nerve
- With the high plantar nerve anaesthesia – also correct, but less frequently used
- With the deep branch anest. Of the lat. Plantar nerve
Intermittent lameness horse
* Lameness occurring in comitions because of the degeneration of the femoral muscles plus haemoglobinuria
* Moving disability of the HLs occurring in loading disappearing at rest, with unknown origin
* Lameness of sport horses receiding for loading, caused by the thrombosis of the terminal aorta or iliac arteries
Moving disability of the HLs occurring in loading disappearing at rest, with unknown origin
Intermittent lameness symptoms horse
* Movement disorders in one of the HLs when loaded, disappearing after 20mins of resting
* Feel wobbly when loaded, lameness of the HLs, disappearing after half an hour
* Movement disorder of the FLs or in one of the HLs, when competing, disappearing after a short time of resting.
Movement disorders in one of the HLs when loaded, disappearing after 20mins of resting
Osteoporosis horse
* Thinning of the bone compacta due to the disturbance of Ca-metabolism
* Hereditary, breed disposition, compacta incr / medullary cavity decr
* Thickening of the tubular bones due to the disturbance of the mineral supply
- Thinning of the bone compacta due to the disturbance of Ca-metabolism
Osteoporosis CS horse
* Thickening of the tubular bones, sensitivity to pressure, lameness
* Genu valgum, locomotion disorder, exostoses on the leg bones
* Retardation, spontaneous fractures, ruptures, not viable
- Retardation, spontaneous fractures, ruptures, not viable
Hyperplastic osteopathy (acropachia) horse
* Symmetrical deformation of the distal leg bones, in connection with diseases of the (GIT, Thoracic, UGT)
* Congenital acropachia, intensive pain to pressure, locomotion disorder akinesia
* Metabolic disturbance of the leg bones with pain of unknown origin, advance in application of glucocorticoids
- Symmetrical deformation of the distal leg bones, in connection with diseases of the (GIT, Thoracic, UGT)
Laminitis, diffuse aseptic/definition
* Degeneration/necrosis of horny matter of the hoof due to circulatory disturbance, exungulation, deformation of the distal phalanx
* Damage of the corium of the hoof, disconnection between corium and horny matter of the hoof due to circulatory disturbance, change in the structure of the hoof
* Degeneration/necrosis of the horny matter of the hoof and distal phalanx, local circulatory disturbance
- Damage of the corium of the hoof, disconnection between corium and horny matter of the hoof due to circulatory disturbance, change in the structure of the hoof
Diffuse aseptic laminitis etiology
* Overfeeding in fat animals, consequence of allergy/atopia, influence of burden
* Malnutrition, complication of diseases, immune/autoimmune origin
* Malnutrition, complication of diseases, in postparturient period, influence of burden
- Malnutrition, complication of diseases, in postparturient period, influence of burden
Diffuse aseptic laminitis nutritional origin
* Carbohydrate and protein rich nutrition, fungus contaminated hay
* Carbohydrate rich nutrition, low-protein/fibre rich nutrition, fungus contaminated corn fodder
* Easy fermentation, carbohydrate and fiber rich nutrition, fungus contaminated corn fodder
- Carbohydrate and protein rich nutrition, fungus contaminated hay
Diffuse aseptic laminitis complication of disease
* Diseases of stomach, enteritis, autoimmunopathies
* Gastroenteritis, inflammations – toxical enteropathies, hepatosis
* Serous-hemorrhagic gastritis, strangles, glomerulonephritis
- Gastroenteritis, inflammations – toxical enteropathies, hepatosis
Diffuse aseptic laminitis symptoms
* Gradual deterioration in a week, pain during movement, horny matter of the hoof warm/intensive pain to pressure, oedema on the distal part of the legs
* Hoof warm/intensive pain to pressure, warm and painful edema on the leg, intermittent claudication
* Develops in 12-24h, general symptoms, waddling, locomotor disorder, lying position, warm and painful hoof, pulsation of the fetlock artery
- Develops in 12-24h, general symptoms, waddling, locomotor disorder, lying position, warm and painful hoof, pulsation of the fetlock artery
Acute diffuse aseptic laminitis treatment
* Elimination of the causative, soft littering, complete rest, fixing of the hoof, plastering of the hoof, cool pack, heparin, flunixin-meglumide
* Elimination of the causative, peat littering, complete rest, fixing of the hoof, ice pack, glucocorticoids
* Soft littering, only moderate movement, ice pack, strong analgesic, phenylbutazone, prednisolone (GCC, but known as low risk in laminitis..?)
- Elimination of the causative, soft littering, complete rest, fixing of the hoof, plastering of the hoof, cool pack, heparin, flunixin-meglumide
Which is false regarding the Winslow herniation (hernia foraminis omentalis) in horses?
* Cribbing and aerophagia are predisposing factors
* At late, intolerant stage of colic, the animal is apathic
* Mostly the ileum or jejunum is involved
* This kind of herniation is also called right dorsal displacement of the large colon
- This kind of herniation is also called right dorsal displacement of the large colon
Which statement(s) is/are typical of the strangulation obstruction of the SI in horses?
* There is secondary dehydration of the content in the large colon
* Secondary cecal impaction develops
* The stomach is dilated
* A and C are correct
The stomach is dilated
Which structure cannot be palpated certainly at rectal exam in the horse?
* Ventral taenia of caecum
* Duodenal ligament
* Ligamentum lati uteri
* Ligamentum renolienale
- Duodenal ligament
Which is false concerning a colic horse?
* The degree of pain mostly correlates with the severity of the disease
* Dehydration can only be in the indolent phase
* Electrolyte loss is significant
- Dehydration can only be in the indolent phase
Which is not characteristic of the large colon obstipation in horses?
* Sometimes can cause severe colic signs
* The obstipation can always be treated conservatively
* Can be easily diagnosed via rectal exam
- The obstipation can always be treated conservatively
In the colic horse surgery, the large colon enterotomy should be created to rinse out the content of the
* Dorsal colon
* Ventral colon
* Pelvic flexure
* Ligamentum caeco-colicum
- Pelvic flexure
Which statement is true?
* In direct inguinal hernia, the SI escape into the SC space of the scrotum
* The indirect inguinal hernia is more common than the direct one
* Both
* None
- Both
Large colon impaction in adult horses is usually treated with
* IV neostigmine injections every 2h
* Lidocaine constant rate infusion
* Repeated nasogastric tubing with water and electrolytes
* Intramuscular metoclopramide injections every 12 hours
- Repeated nasogastric tubing with water and electrolytes
On rectal examination, you palpate a segment of distended bowel without taeniae. The intestinal segment you are palpating is most likely:
* Small colon or small intestine
* Pelvic flexure or right ventral colon
* Base of caecum or right dorsal colon
* Pelvic flexure or small intestine
- Pelvic flexure or small intestine
In which case is rectal admin. inappropriate?
* Dysphagia
* Lockjaw
* Reflux
* Diarrhea
- Diarrhea
What is the location of the base of the caecum in a normal adult horse?
* Left paralumbar fossa
* Right paralumbar fossa
* Left ventral abdomen
* Right ventral abdomen
- Right paralumbar fossa
During rectal examination of normal adult horses:
* The caudal pole of both kidneys can be palpated
* The caudal wall of the stomach can be palpated
* The ascending duodenum can be palpated
* The ventral taenia of the caeum can be palpated
- The ventral taenia of the caeum can be palpated
Colic (real)
* Pain syndromes because abdominal digestive organs hurt
* Abdominal disease
* Painful unrest syndrome in horses
- Pain syndromes because abdominal digestive organs hurt
Colic-like symptoms causes
* Meningitis, COPD, estrus
* Rabies, urinary diseases, genital diseases
* Encephalon oedema, pneumonia, Lyme-disease
- Rabies, urinary diseases, genital diseases
Predisposing factor for colic disease
* Slow motion of stomach, intestines predisposed to meteorism, innervation of digestive organs predisposed to spasms
* Undigested substance empty from stomach, small intestinal motility is strong, substance of large intestines quickly goes off with strong motility
* Cannot vomit, dislocation of intestines can easily evolve disposition to vagotony
- Cannot vomit, dislocation of intestines can easily evolve disposition to vagotony
Parasitic cause of colic
* Toxocara equi, Bunostomumum magnum infection
* Strongylosis, Ascariosis
* Toxacariosis, Strongyloidosis
- Strongylosis, Ascariosis
Viral and bacterial causes of colic
* Salmonellosis, Clostridiosis, Arteritis
* Anthrax, rabies, pyelonephritis
* Rabies, lyme disease, salmonellosis
- Salmonellosis, Clostridiosis, Arteritis
Mechanical and physical causes of colic
* Bad teeth, oesophagus obturation, sand in stomach
* Tooth abrasion failure, pylorus obstruction, isthmus of intestines
* Chewing insufficiency, sand in intestines, strange object in intestinal system
- Chewing insufficiency, sand in intestines, strange object in intestinal system
Colic disease pathological dislocations
* Internal hernias, torsion of small intestines, colon dislocation
* Stomach, small intestines, colon torsion
* Diaphragmatic hernia, duodenum torsion, ileum torsion
- Internal hernias, torsion of small intestines, colon dislocation
Colic symptoms causing agents
* Atropine, clavulanic acid, diazepam
* Amitrase, arekolin
* Organophosphorous compounds, amitrase, chlorpromazine
- Organophosphorous compounds, amitrase, chlorpromazine
Agents causing shock in the colic horse
* Pain, fluid loss, endotoxaemia
* Sympathetic nervous system activity, dislocation of intestines, septicaemia
* Rupture of stomach and intestine, spasm of intestines, dyspepsial digestion insufficiency
Pain, fluid loss, endotoxaemia
Reason for pain in the colic horse
* Development of shock, paralysis of intestines, dislocation of intestines
* Excitement of mechanoreceptors, release of mediators, local circulation insufficiency
* Stop of stomach function, dilatation of intestines, dyspepsial digestion insufficiency
- Excitement of mechanoreceptors, release of mediators, local circulation insufficiency
Reason for hypovolaemia in the colic horse
* Rupture of the stomach/intestines, ileus, colon obstipation
* Stomach meteorism, small intestinal atonia, colon disposition
* Ileus, mucosa inflammation, pain
- Rupture of the stomach/intestines, ileus, colon obstipation
Eller 3???
Reasons for endotoxaemia in colic
* Increase of gr+ bact, circulation disorder of intestinal wall, typhocolitis
* Bact incr/collapse, ischaemia of intestinal wall, ileus
* Collapse of gr- bact, incr of lipoproteins, LPS, disorder of intestinal absorption
- Collapse of gr- bact, incr of lipoproteins? LPS, disorder of intestinal absorption
Results of endotoxaemia in colic
* Toxic effect to red/white blood cells, haemolysis, anaemia
* Toxic effect to intestinal cells, intestine motility incr, hypertension
* Vasoactive materials incr, toxic effects to blood cells, clotting tendency incr
- Vasoactive materials incr, toxic effects to blood cells, clotting tendency incr
Main diagnostics of colic worrying
- How often, length of time, seriousness
- Seriousness, intermittent/permanent, freq of tenesmus
- Nature, seriousness, existence of diarrhea
- How often, length of time, seriousness
Additional diagnostic exam in the colic horse
* Rectal exam, blood enzyme activity, exam of abd content
* Rectal exam, abd joggle, lab blood exam
* Rectal exam, exam abd content, exam bact culture of intestines
- Rectal exam, abd joggle, lab blood exam
Colic horse blood exam in practical circumstances
* Qual blood count, Ht, TP
* RBC/WBC count, qual blood count
* Ht, TP, WBC count
- Ht, TP, WBC count (hematocrit tube)
Colic horse therapy
* Release of convulsions, naso-gastric tube, cecal puncture, liquid therapy
* Electrolyte therapy, gastric lavage w/ Marek pipe, purgative enema
* Abd centesis, cecal puncture, gastric lavage
- Release of convulsions, naso-gastric tube, cecal puncture, liquid therapy
Reasons for referral to clinic for colic horse
* If the colic symptoms still exist after 1h, if infusion on spot not possible, pulse 40/min permanently
* Colic despite therapy/meteorism, clinical/rectal findings refer to a serious disease, pulse >50/min permanently, no good conditions for the therapy
* Active intestinal murmue/freq flatulation, colic worrying despite of negative rectal findings, and if you can’t use nasogastric tubing
- Colic despite therapy/meteorism, clinical/rectal findings refer to a serious disease, pulse >50/min permanently, no good conditions for the therapy
Colic tx in hospital
* Part clinical/lab exams, spasmolytics, abdominocentesis
* Blood test, abd x-ray, US, bact coproscopy
* Emergency interventions, fluid and electrolyte replacement, laparotomy
- Emergency interventions, fluid and electrolyte replacement, laparotomy
Laparotomy indications in colic
* Possibility of ileus in rectal findings, repetitive meteorismus despire puncture, severe alterations in clinical values
* CS of gastric-intestinal rupture, as long as clinical signs of ileus
* Gastric overload, irreversible shock status, peritonitis
- Possibility of ileus in rectal findings, repetitive meteorismus despire puncture, severe alterations in clinical values
Colic direct emergency interventions
* Gastric lavage, spasmolytics, shock therapy
* Gastric lavage, cecal puncture, hypovolaemic chock prevention
* Gastric overload therapy w/ physostigmin, meteorismus tx w/ rectal puncture, shock therapy
- Gastric lavage, spasmolytics, shock therapy
Sedatives used in colic cases
* Detomidine, medeteomidine
* Detomidine, xylazine
* Detomidine, flunixin-meglumide
- Detomidine, xylazine
Colic tx in case of endotoxaemia
* Endotoxin antiserum, carbacol, detomidin
* Endotoxin antiserum, medetomidine, metoclopramide
* Polymixin-B sulphate, flunixin meglumide, pentoxifillin
- Polymixin-B sulphate, flunixin meglumide, pentoxifillin
Acute gastric dilatation pathogenesis
* High firm feed pyloric spasm dilatation rupture
* Great amount of feed motility decr colic vomiting metabolic alkalosis
* Gastric content firm dilution, lactic consistence dilatation regurgitation
- High firm feed pyloric spasm dilatation rupture
Acute gastric dilatation etiology
* Difficulty to digest feed + lack of water
* Highly fermentable feed + hard working after feeding
* Overfeeding + weather change
- Highly fermentable feed + hard working after feeding
Acute gastric dilatation CS
* Severe colic, highly tense abd, rectal finding: gastric dilatation
* Sudden onset, severe colic, neg rectal finding, regurgitation
* Recurrent colic, strong int sounds, rectal grinding: dilated stomach
- Sudden onset, severe colic, neg rectal finding, regurgitation
Acute gastric dilatation Tx
* Detomidine, xylazine, gastric lavage
* Physostigmine, neostimin, flunixin meglumide
* Noraminophenason, drotaverin, gastric lavage
- Noraminophenason, drotaverin, gastric lavage
Gastric rupture CS
* Colic decr, shock, sweating in spots, typical abdominocentesis
* Signs of severe abd pan, fever, bloody abd puncture
* “Sitting dog posture”, regurgitation, bloody disturbed abd puncture
- Colic decr, shock, sweating in spots, typical abdominocentesis
Acute gastric dilatation complications
* Gastric torsion, gastritis, infl of small int
* Gastric meteorismus, gastric ulcers, gastritis
* Laminitis, hemorrhagic gastritis, typhocolitis
- Laminitis, hemorrhagic gastritis, typhocolitis
Acute gastritis etiology
* Gasterophilus, allergy, toxication by Datura Stramonium
* Parascariosis, Stachybotris atra toxicosis, gastric overload, FB
* Bad dentition, strongylosis, aflatoxins, allergy
- Gasterophilus, allergy, toxication by Datura Stramonium
Serous-hemorrhagic gastritis etiology
* Feed w mycotoxins, lactic acid incr = more likey leukoencephalomalacia but can cause haemorrhage in stomach??
* Intake of immature maize, allergy
* Mouldy hay, water with high nitrate cc=can cause gastric irriatation
- Intake of immature maize, allergy
Serous-hemorrhagic gastritis CS (I don’t know what these words mean)
* Serous gripes, “wineflake-like” gastric content, enteritis
* Gripes perspiration, “wineflake like” gastric content, shock/death
* Prostrate behaviour, “wineflake like” gastric content, laminitis
- Serous gripes, “wineflake-like” gastric content, enteritis
Acute gastritis CS (again.. what is going on here)
* Anorexia, polydipsia, gape, breath smells sour-lushious, mild gripes
* Gripes, stinky breach, retching, abd dilation
* Freq gripes, stinky breath, regurgitation, left flank dilatation
- Anorexia, polydipsia, gape, breath smells sour-lushious, mild gripes
Chronic gastritis etiology
* Mastication disorder, after acute gastritis, mainly colts
* Bad dentition, air-swallow, after acute gastritis
* Fault in feeding, incr prod of gastric acid, mainly cold blooded horses
- Fault in feeding, incr prod of gastric acid, mainly cold blooded horses
Acute gastritis Tx
* Fasting, laxation, bethanechol
* Gastric lavage, laxation, physostigmine
* Gastric lavage, fasting, linseed-slurry
- Gastric lavage, fasting, linseed-slurry
Stomach parasite infection
* Trichostrongylus, gasterophilus, habronematosis
* Habronematosis, gasterophilus, parasoaridosis
* Gasterophilus, habronematosis, strongylidosis
- Trichostrongylus, gasterophilus, habronematosis
Signs of gastric parasite infestation in horse
* Anaemia, fatigue, threadworm in feces
* In colts, mild growth, irregular fur
* Colic, slimming, diarrhea
- Colic, slimming, diarrhea
Gasterophilosis
* Gasterophilus, acute, gribes like gastritis, caused by gasterophilus larvae
* Serous bloody gastritis caused by gasterophilus larvae, freq gribes
* Gasterophilus caused by larva of equine gasterophilus causing chronic gastritis
- Gasterophilus caused by larva of equine gasterophilus causing chronic gastritis
Gastric ulcer etiology
* Stress, NSAIDs, faulty nutrition
* Stress, steroid anti-inflamm drugs, grazing
* Fasting, NSAIDs, grazing
- Stress, NSAIDs, faulty nutrition
Gastric ulcers symptoms
* Anorexia, weight loss, laying much, mild-moderate colic symptoms
* Wight loss in spite of good appetite, anaemia
* Anorexia, serious colic symptoms, anaemia
- Anorexia, weight loss, laying much, mild-moderate colic symptoms
Catarrhal enteritis etiology
* Vagotonia, cold water/food, meterorological front
* Acute gastritis, int. obst., parasympathicotonia
* Diathesis, larval migration, enteritis
- Diathesis, larval migration, enteritis
Colic important lab exams
* Ht, total plasma protein, plasma electrolytes, acid-base, peritoneal fluid
* Ht, qual hemogram, composition of blood protein, plasma Ca/P
* Hgb/Ht, quan hemogram, plasma crea/urea, urine density, urine protein
- Ht, total plasma protein, plasma electrolytes, acid-base, peritoneal fluid
Catarrhal enteritis symptoms
* Serious colic/struggling, stomach rupture, high mortality rate
* Serious/moderate colic in seizures?, fast process, advantageous prognosis
* Mild/moderate, recurrent colic, diarrhea, lasts for 2-3d
- Mild/moderate, recurrent colic, diarrhea, lasts for 2-3d
Catarrhal enteritis therapy
* Walking, No-spa inj, sigmosain IV
* Neostigmine, walking, use of laxative
* Anticonvulsive drug IV, enema w tepid water, warm stable
- Neostigmine, walking, use of laxative
Drugs to increase peristalsis in horses
* Stigmosan, konstigmin
* Neostigmine, flunixin-meglumide
* Xylazine, neostigmine
- Stigmosan, konstigmin
Laxatives for horses
* Mg sulfate, linseed mucin, detomidine inj
* Paraffin, mg sulfate, stigmosan ing
* Neostigmine, linseed mucin, drotaverin
- Paraffin, mg sulfate, stigmosan ing
Strongyloidosis horse
* Bloody water like faeces, colic, weakness.
* Occult inf, symptoms in case of impairment of resistance
* In foals, resp symptoms, retarded growth
- Bloody water like faeces, colic, weakness.
Parascariosis
* In intestines of suckling foals, catarrhal enteritis, small intestinal obturation, wasting/cachexia
* In stomach, SI, occult inf in adult horses
* Enteritis in foals, ileus, larval migration/hepatic trauma
- Enteritis in foals, ileus, larval migration/hepatic trauma
Removal of roundworm
* Ivermectin, mebendazole, tetramizol
* Fenbendazole, oxibendazole, ivermectin
* Tiabendazole, mebendazole, tetramizol
- Fenbendazole, oxibendazole, ivermectin
Viral enteritis of foals
* Adenovirus, coronavirus, in sep foals, melena, dehydr, poor health
* Adenovirus, coronavirus, enteralgia, 3-6m old foals
* Rotavirus + resistance decr at 1-2m
- Rotavirus + resistance decr at 1-2m
Typical of acute proximal enteritis
* In older horses, sudden medium (average)/serious colic, duodenojejunitis + gastritis, pancreatitis
* Young foals after separation, infl of SI, melena for days
* Suckling foals, in studs in larger nr mortality
- In older horses, sudden medium (average)/serious colic, duodenojejunitis + gastritis, pancreatitis
Causes of acute proximal enteritis
* Fungus toxin of feed, allergy
* Unknown-idiopathic, w horse feed or fodder fed horses, inf cause
* In foals, when fungus toxins in milk, fungus toxicosis
- Unknown-idiopathic, w horse feed or fodder fed horses, inf cause = C.diff/ salmonella main
Pathogenesis of acute proximal enteritis
* GI motility incr - melena - dehyr - die in 3-4d
* Enteritis hemorrhagica, melena, recovery after tx
* GI motility - GI paralysis - ileus, enteritis, enterotoxaemia, often bad outcome
- GI motility - GI paralysis - ileus, enteritis, enterotoxaemia, often bad outcome
Acute proximal enteritis
* Paralysis of intestines - reflux - gastric dilatation - nasogastric reflux - loss of fluid and electrolytes, enterotoxaemia, shock
* Diarrhea - hypovolaemia - shock, endotoxaemia
* Enteritis - diarrhea - lactacidaemia - metabolic acidosis - death
- Paralysis of intestines - reflux - gastric dilatation nasogastric reflux - loss of fluid and electrolytes, enterotoxaemia, shock
Acute proximal enteritis CS
* Colic, powerful GI sounds, sunken abdomen, diarrhea, exsiccation
* Fever colic – depression, poor health, cyanosis, round abd, regurgitation, gastric lavage: weak yellowish stinking content
* Average/serious colic, meteorismus, melena, dehydr, shock
- Fever colic – depression, poor health, cyanosis, round abd, regurgitation, gastric lavage: weak yellowish stinking content
Lab results of acute proximal enteritis
* Ht 0.3-0.4, TPP 30-34g/L, leukocytes <3.0g/L, lactacid >5.2mmol/L
* Ht 0.6-0.8, leukocytes: leukopenia, lactacidaemia: metabolic acidosis
* Ht 0.6-0.8, neutropenia: neutrophilia, hypochloremia, metabolic alkalosis – acidosis
- Ht 0.6-0.8, leukocytes: leukopenia, lactacidaemia: metabolic acidosis
Acute proximal enteritis tx
* Gastric lavage,antispasmodics, intense fluid and electrolyte therapy, flunixin meglumide
* Antispasmodics, analgesic drugs w increase GI motility, sucralfate
* Activated charcoal, paraffin, physostigmine inj
- Gastric lavage=reflux? antispasmodics??, intense fluid and electrolyte therapy, flunixin meglumide = only if fever is bad – inhibit gut remodelling.
Ddx of acute proximal enteritis from other diseases of SI
* Colic in the beginning, then apathic, the abdominal probe is open, yellowish w high leukocyte content
* Slight/average colic symptoms permanently, abd probe is translucent, yellowish w low leukocyte conent
* Apathic, abd probe is opaque, yellowish w low leukocyte content and high erythrocyte content
- Colic in the beginning, then apathic, the abdominal probe is open (opaque?), yellowish w high leukocyte content
Acute typhlocolitis features
* Sudden appearance of colic accompanied by writhing, meteorism, death within 12-24h
* Sudden appearance of appenditis, colicitis, endotoxaemic shock, high mortality
* Sudden appearance of colic in horses kept on pasture, paralytic ileus, meteorism
- Sudden appearance of appenditis(caecum?), colicitis, endotoxaemic shock, high mortality
Acute typhlocolitis incidence and predisposing factors
* Springtime grazing, driving into rich pastures, forage liveration of scatol, stress
* Hospitalization, abd surgery, fasting, stress, ABs
* During transport of horses kept in stable, stress, fumonisin intake
- Hospitalization, abd surgery, fasting, stress, ABs
Acute typhlocolitis study of origin
* Bacterial/virus inf of unknown origin, mycotoxins, stress
* Unknown (colitis x), multicause, Cl difficile inf/prop, dysbacteriosis, salmonellosis, endotoxin prolif, stress, NSAIDs
* Chlamydophila inf – lib of endotoxins, feeding alfalfa without transition, feeding new corn
- Unknown (colitis x), multicause, Cl difficile inf/prop, dysbacteriosis, salmonellosis, endotoxin prolif, stress, NSAIDs
Acute typhlocolitis pathogenesis
* Enteritis – intestinal peristalsis – severe colic – ileus – shock
* Intestinal peristalsis incr – diarrhea – severe colic – necrosis – peritonitis – death
* Prolif of toxin forming Clostridium, starvation – rising of intestinal pH, dysbiosis, endotoxaemia/bactericemia, damage of mucosa, diarrhea, shock
- Prolif of toxin forming Clostridium, starvation – rising of intestinal pH, dysbiosis, endotoxaemia/bactericemia, damage of mucosa, diarrhea, shock
Acute typhlocolitis consequences
* Fever, endotoxaemia, dehydration, hypovolaemia, metabolic acidosis, shock
* Writhing, watery/bloody diarrhea, state of shock
* Writhing, ileus – meteorismus, dyspnea, blood circulation insufficiency
- Fever, endotoxaemia, dehydration, hypovolaemia, metabolic acidosis, shock
Acute typhlocolitis symptoms
* Anorexia, fever, colic – languor, profuse diarrhea, meteorismus, intestinal sounds incr – intestinal atonia, shock
* Writhing, profound colic, sweating, chronic diarrhea, recovery after AB tx
* Chronic colic, hemorrhagic inf of int/diarrhea, sunken flanks, uptight abdomen, intestinal peristalsis, hypovolaemic shock
- Anorexia, fever, colic – languor, profuse diarrhea, meteorismus, intestinal sounds incr – intestinal atonia, shock
Acute typhlocolitis lab features
* Ht: 0.3-0.4, TPL 30-34g/L, leukocytes: 0.3g/L, lactate: 5.2mmol/L
* Ht: 0.6-0.8, TP: 80-90g/L, leukocytes: 1.303g/L, lactate: 4mmol/L Tp will drop as the proteins begin to be lost but there is an initial increase due to the dehydration,
* Ht: 0.65, TP: 35g/L, leukocytes: 8.2-5.1g/L, lactate: 20mmol/L
- Ht: 0.6-0.8, TP: 80-90g/L, leukocytes: 1.303g/L, lactate: 4mmol/L Tp will drop as the proteins begin to be lost but there is an initial increase due to the dehydration,
Acute typhlocolitis adverse outcome
* CRT: 3-4s, pulse: 40-52/min, red conjunctiva, resp: 18-20/min, leukocyte: 2g/L, lactate: 20mmol/L
* CRT: 6s, pulse: 60/min, cyanosis, tachypnoe, leukocyte: 2g/L, lactate: 15-20mmol/L
* CRT: 6s, pulse: 80/min, cyanosis, tachypnoe, leukocyte: 1g/L, lactate: 20mmol/
- CRT: 6s, pulse: 80/min, cyanosis, tachypnoe, leukocyte: 1g/L, lactate: 20mmol/?
Acute typhlocolitis prevention
* Hospital/general hygiene, only short term food withdrawal before surgery, stress tolerance, giving lincomicin, oxitetracyclin prohibited, probiotics
* AB therapy preventing Clostridium, thorough fasting prior to sx, medical attendance after sx
* Laxatives/fasting before sx, preventing AB therapy before sx, medical attendance after sx
- Hospital/general hygiene, only short term food withdrawal before surgery, stress tolerance, giving lincomicin, oxitetracyclin prohibited, probiotics
Acute typhlocolitis medical therapy
* Inf against dehydration, lincomicin, probiotics
* Treatment against dehydr, metronidazole, flunixin meglumide, probiotics
* Treating shock and dehydr, OTC, artificial feeding
- Treatment against dehydr, metronidazole, flunixin meglumide, probiotics
Cause of mechanical ileus
* Enterospasm, obstruction, intestinal paralysis
* Obstruction, compression, intestinal dislocation, strangulation
* Enterospasm, torsion of ileum, obturation of ileum
- Obstruction, compression, intestinal dislocation, strangulation
Cause of functional ileus
* Disturbance of intestinal motility, spasmodic colic
* Spasmodic colic, intestinal paralysis
* Long lasting colic, intestinal paralysis
- Spasmodic colic, intestinal paralysis
Cause of paralytic ileus
* Enteritis, peritonitis, abd sx
* Tetanus, botulism, enterotoxicosis
* Stress, tetanus, sx
- Enteritis, peritonitis, abd sx
SI obstruction CS
* Violent long lasting colic, rectal finding; obstruction, strong intestinal sounds, sunken lumbar region, peritonitis pointing punctuation
* Alternative intestinal colic, negative rectal finding, mild meteorism, diarrhea
* Medium/strong colic, sec gastric contents by nasogastric tube, regurgitation, bicycle inner tube intact at rectal palpation
- Medium/strong colic, sec gastric contents by nasogastric tube, regurgitation, bicycle inner tube intact at rectal palpation= does this mean DSI?
SI strangulation ileus causes
* Incarceration of internal hernia, intestinal retroflexion
* Invagination of SI, strangulation of SI
* Torsion of SI, strangulation of SI
- Torsion of SI, strangulation of SI
SI dislocation ileus causes
* Internal hernia, torsion of SI
* Intestinal torsion, intestinal invagination, thromb-embolic intestinal disease
* Diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal spasm, torsion of SI
- Internal hernia, torsion of SI
SI torsion causes
* Unequal content of int, colon reflux, disposition because of anatomy
* Int motility incr, colic rolling, disposition because of anatomy
* Forage intake – lactic acid incr – colic rolling – sI torsion
- Int motility incr, colic rolling, disposition because of anatomy
SI torsion CS
- Weakness, int motility incr, colic, rectal findings; SI strangulation
- Colic/weakness left flank dilatation, rectal findings; place of basic disease
- Severe colic, int sounds decr, reflux, rectal findings; SI like bicycle tube
- Severe colic, int sounds decr, reflux, rectal findings; SI like bicycle tube
SI torsion outcome
* Sx/ maybe, poor prognosis, death in 24-36h
* Neostigmine, doubtful prognosis, improvement after 24h not expected
* Physostigmine/torsion might resolve as a result of walking, doubtful prognosis, significant mortality
- Sx/ maybe, poor prognosis, death in 24-36h
SI invagination reasons
* As a result of enteritis, int motility incr, depending on basis of disease/poor prognosis
* Foals have unequal peristalsis + ascariosis, acute/subacute course of disease, doubtful prognosis
* Race horses/sport horses, result of stress, short/favourable course of disease
- Foals have unequal peristalsis + ascariosis, acute/subacute course of disease, doubtful prognosis
SI invagination CS
* Severe colic, weakness, left flank dilatation, rectal findings; flatulent SI
* Progressive colic, sitting dog posture, rectal findings; flatulent SI
* Mild/mediocre colic, int sounds incr – decr, rectal findings; tense intestines
- Mild/mediocre colic, int sounds incr – decr, rectal findings; tense intestines
Intestinal stenosis CS
* Periodic colic, subileus, mending/aggravation dyspepsia
* SI obturation, ileus, quick/slow progression
* Occasionally colic/dyspepsia, improving after purgative, recurring diarrhea
- Periodic colic, subileus, mending/aggravation dyspepsia
Mesenteric abscess
* Foals after strangles, colic of variable intensity, dyspepsia, rectal findings - mostly neg
* Recurrent/mediocre colic, relapse/emaciation, rectal findings; round, size of fist or head, tuberity formula
* Colic in foal after strangles/failure, rectal findings; in pelvis, formula w fluctuating palpation on the right side
- Recurrent/mediocre colic, relapse/emaciation, rectal findings; round, size of fist or head, tuberity formula
Grass sickness
* Dyspepsia during pasture, cachexia, disappearing after housing
* Pasturage/after being fed with harshly cut grass, mostly in foal recently separate dfrom mother, encephalo and soinal consequences
* Neurotoxin – GI myoparalysis, pastured horse
- Neurotoxin – GI myoparalysis, pastured horse
Acute form of grass sickness symptoms
* Gastric dilatation/reflux, paralytic ileus, dysphagia, lameness
* Alimentary symptoms, colic, heavy diarrhea, dehydration
* Fever, intestinal motility incr, diarrhea, colic, dehydration shock
- Gastric dilatation/reflux, paralytic ileus, dysphagia, lameness
Primary caecal meteorism etiology
* Feeding with Lucerne – lactic acid incr – paralysis of cecal musculature – gas accumulation
* Feeding huge amount of papilionaceae without gradation, fermentation incr, seasonal
* Feeding w forage – VFA/lactic acid incr – gas production incr
- Feeding w forage – VFA/lactic acid incr – gas production incr