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1
Q

The predilection site of OCD in the equine hock is

The central part of the distal intertarsal joint
The medial malleolus
The talocalcanei joint
Sustentaculum tali

A

The medial malleolus

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2
Q

The proper name of the skyline-view for the examination of the equine carpus is
* Dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique view
* Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique view
* Caudoproximal-craniodistal oblique view
* Palerolateral view

A
  • Dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique view
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3
Q

The exclaiming time needed to see an osteophyte formation on equine radiograph is
* 1-2w
* 2-3w
* 3-5w
* 4-7w

A

3-5w

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4
Q

The proper name of the “oxpring’ view for the examination of the navicular bone is:
* Palmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique view
* Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique view
* Caudoproximal-craniodistal oblique view
* Palmarolateral view

A
  • Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique view
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5
Q

The most common site of sub-chondral bone cyst in equine is:

  • Medial femoral condyle
  • Lateral femoral condyle
  • Medial trochlea
  • Lateral trochlea
A

Medial femoral condyle

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6
Q

OCD location in hock?

A
  • DIRT- distal intermediate ridge of the tibia dorsal In the talocrural joint
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7
Q

Which statement is false?
* Phenothiazines should be used with care in stallions – penile prolapse
* Phenothiazines are not usable in shock patients
* Midazolam is an adequate drug to treat tetanus in horses
* Phenothiazines are given most frequently to colic horse to reduce visceral pain

A

Phenothiazines are given most frequently to colic horse to reduce visceral pain

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8
Q

Which is false?
* Ketamine cannot be given to a standing horse to relieve pain
* b. Lidocaine can be given to a standing horse to relieve pain
* c. Lidocaine administered IV can have adverse effects on the CNS of a hrose
* d. Neuropathy can develop due to inadequate positioning during anaesthesia

A

Ketamine cannot be given to a standing horse to relieve pain

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9
Q

Which is true?
* Left laryngeal hemiplegia more common in ponies
* Tracheal collapse is more common in thoroughbreds
* Guttural pouch tympany typically affects older horses
* Lymphoid hyperplasia typically affects young horses

A
  • Lymphoid hyperplasia typically affects young horse
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10
Q

Which is false regarding the Winslow herniation (hernia foraminis omentalis) in horses?
* Cribbing and aerophagia are predisposing factors
* At late, intolerant stage of colic, the animal is apathic
* Mostly the ileum or jejunum is involved
* This kind of herniation is also called right dorsal displacement of the large colon

A

This kind of herniation is also called right dorsal displacement of the large colon

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11
Q

In the colic horse surgery the large colon enterotomy should be created to rinse out the content of the
* Dorsal colon
* Ventral colon
* Pelvic flexure
* Ligamentum caeco-colicum

A
  • Pelvic flexure
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12
Q

The advised surgical method to treat upward fixation of the patella in horses is:
* Lateral femoro-patellar ligament desmotomy
* Medial femoro-patellar ligament desmotomy
* Intermediate femoro-patellar ligament desmotomy

A
  • Medial femoro-patellar ligament desmotomy
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13
Q

How do you suture the trachea of a horse?
* Min 1 layer
* Min 2 layers
* Min 3 layers
* Min 4 layers

A
  • Min 2 layers
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14
Q

How can you perform a more or less “specific” anaesthetise the origin of the suspensory ligament (m. interosseus medius) in the front limb?
* High palmar nerve block
* Lateral palmar nerve block
* Carpometacarpal joint anaesthesia
* N. medianus anaesthesia

A
  • Lateral palmar nerve block
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15
Q

How can you anaesthetize the origin of the suspensory ligament (interosseus medius) on the hind leg?

  • With the abaxial sesamoidean block
  • With the low six point block – it will be anaesthetized within 30 min
  • With the deep branch anest. Of the lat. Plantar nerve
  • With the high plantar nerve anaesthesia – also correct, but less frequently used
A
  • With the deep branch anest. Of the lat. Plantar nerve
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16
Q

Intermittent lameness horse
* Lameness occurring in comitions because of the degeneration of the femoral muscles plus haemoglobinuria
* Moving disability of the HLs occurring in loading disappearing at rest, with unknown origin
* Lameness of sport horses receiding for loading, caused by the thrombosis of the terminal aorta or iliac arteries

A

Moving disability of the HLs occurring in loading disappearing at rest, with unknown origin

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17
Q

Intermittent lameness symptoms horse
* Movement disorders in one of the HLs when loaded, disappearing after 20mins of resting
* Feel wobbly when loaded, lameness of the HLs, disappearing after half an hour
* Movement disorder of the FLs or in one of the HLs, when competing, disappearing after a short time of resting.

A

Movement disorders in one of the HLs when loaded, disappearing after 20mins of resting

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18
Q

Osteoporosis horse
* Thinning of the bone compacta due to the disturbance of Ca-metabolism
* Hereditary, breed disposition, compacta incr / medullary cavity decr
* Thickening of the tubular bones due to the disturbance of the mineral supply

A
  • Thinning of the bone compacta due to the disturbance of Ca-metabolism
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19
Q

Osteoporosis CS horse
* Thickening of the tubular bones, sensitivity to pressure, lameness
* Genu valgum, locomotion disorder, exostoses on the leg bones
* Retardation, spontaneous fractures, ruptures, not viable

A
  • Retardation, spontaneous fractures, ruptures, not viable
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20
Q

Hyperplastic osteopathy (acropachia) horse
* Symmetrical deformation of the distal leg bones, in connection with diseases of the (GIT, Thoracic, UGT)
* Congenital acropachia, intensive pain to pressure, locomotion disorder  akinesia
* Metabolic disturbance of the leg bones with pain of unknown origin, advance in application of glucocorticoids

A
  • Symmetrical deformation of the distal leg bones, in connection with diseases of the (GIT, Thoracic, UGT)
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21
Q

Laminitis, diffuse aseptic/definition
* Degeneration/necrosis of horny matter of the hoof due to circulatory disturbance, exungulation, deformation of the distal phalanx
* Damage of the corium of the hoof, disconnection between corium and horny matter of the hoof due to circulatory disturbance, change in the structure of the hoof
* Degeneration/necrosis of the horny matter of the hoof and distal phalanx, local circulatory disturbance

A
  • Damage of the corium of the hoof, disconnection between corium and horny matter of the hoof due to circulatory disturbance, change in the structure of the hoof
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22
Q

Diffuse aseptic laminitis etiology
* Overfeeding in fat animals, consequence of allergy/atopia, influence of burden
* Malnutrition, complication of diseases, immune/autoimmune origin
* Malnutrition, complication of diseases, in postparturient period, influence of burden

A
  • Malnutrition, complication of diseases, in postparturient period, influence of burden
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23
Q

Diffuse aseptic laminitis nutritional origin
* Carbohydrate and protein rich nutrition, fungus contaminated hay
* Carbohydrate rich nutrition, low-protein/fibre rich nutrition, fungus contaminated corn fodder
* Easy fermentation, carbohydrate and fiber rich nutrition, fungus contaminated corn fodder

A
  • Carbohydrate and protein rich nutrition, fungus contaminated hay
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24
Q

Diffuse aseptic laminitis complication of disease
* Diseases of stomach, enteritis, autoimmunopathies
* Gastroenteritis, inflammations – toxical enteropathies, hepatosis
* Serous-hemorrhagic gastritis, strangles, glomerulonephritis

A
  • Gastroenteritis, inflammations – toxical enteropathies, hepatosis
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25
Q

Diffuse aseptic laminitis symptoms
* Gradual deterioration in a week, pain during movement, horny matter of the hoof warm/intensive pain to pressure, oedema on the distal part of the legs
* Hoof warm/intensive pain to pressure, warm and painful edema on the leg, intermittent claudication
* Develops in 12-24h, general symptoms, waddling, locomotor disorder, lying position, warm and painful hoof, pulsation of the fetlock artery

A
  • Develops in 12-24h, general symptoms, waddling, locomotor disorder, lying position, warm and painful hoof, pulsation of the fetlock artery
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26
Q

Acute diffuse aseptic laminitis treatment
* Elimination of the causative, soft littering, complete rest, fixing of the hoof, plastering of the hoof, cool pack, heparin, flunixin-meglumide
* Elimination of the causative, peat littering, complete rest, fixing of the hoof, ice pack, glucocorticoids
* Soft littering, only moderate movement, ice pack, strong analgesic, phenylbutazone, prednisolone (GCC, but known as low risk in laminitis..?)

A
  • Elimination of the causative, soft littering, complete rest, fixing of the hoof, plastering of the hoof, cool pack, heparin, flunixin-meglumide
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27
Q

Which is false regarding the Winslow herniation (hernia foraminis omentalis) in horses?
* Cribbing and aerophagia are predisposing factors
* At late, intolerant stage of colic, the animal is apathic
* Mostly the ileum or jejunum is involved
* This kind of herniation is also called right dorsal displacement of the large colon

A
  • This kind of herniation is also called right dorsal displacement of the large colon
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28
Q

Which statement(s) is/are typical of the strangulation obstruction of the SI in horses?
* There is secondary dehydration of the content in the large colon
* Secondary cecal impaction develops
* The stomach is dilated
* A and C are correct

A

The stomach is dilated

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29
Q

Which structure cannot be palpated certainly at rectal exam in the horse?
* Ventral taenia of caecum
* Duodenal ligament
* Ligamentum lati uteri
* Ligamentum renolienale

A
  • Duodenal ligament
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30
Q

Which is false concerning a colic horse?
* The degree of pain mostly correlates with the severity of the disease
* Dehydration can only be in the indolent phase
* Electrolyte loss is significant

A
  • Dehydration can only be in the indolent phase
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31
Q

Which is not characteristic of the large colon obstipation in horses?
* Sometimes can cause severe colic signs
* The obstipation can always be treated conservatively
* Can be easily diagnosed via rectal exam

A
  • The obstipation can always be treated conservatively
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32
Q

In the colic horse surgery, the large colon enterotomy should be created to rinse out the content of the
* Dorsal colon
* Ventral colon
* Pelvic flexure
* Ligamentum caeco-colicum

A
  • Pelvic flexure
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33
Q

Which statement is true?
* In direct inguinal hernia, the SI escape into the SC space of the scrotum
* The indirect inguinal hernia is more common than the direct one
* Both
* None

A
  • Both
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34
Q

Large colon impaction in adult horses is usually treated with
* IV neostigmine injections every 2h
* Lidocaine constant rate infusion
* Repeated nasogastric tubing with water and electrolytes
* Intramuscular metoclopramide injections every 12 hours

A
  • Repeated nasogastric tubing with water and electrolytes
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35
Q

On rectal examination, you palpate a segment of distended bowel without taeniae. The intestinal segment you are palpating is most likely:
* Small colon or small intestine
* Pelvic flexure or right ventral colon
* Base of caecum or right dorsal colon
* Pelvic flexure or small intestine

A
  • Pelvic flexure or small intestine
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36
Q

In which case is rectal admin. inappropriate?
* Dysphagia
* Lockjaw
* Reflux
* Diarrhea

A
  • Diarrhea
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37
Q

What is the location of the base of the caecum in a normal adult horse?
* Left paralumbar fossa
* Right paralumbar fossa
* Left ventral abdomen
* Right ventral abdomen

A
  • Right paralumbar fossa
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38
Q

During rectal examination of normal adult horses:
* The caudal pole of both kidneys can be palpated
* The caudal wall of the stomach can be palpated
* The ascending duodenum can be palpated
* The ventral taenia of the caeum can be palpated

A
  • The ventral taenia of the caeum can be palpated
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39
Q

Colic (real)
* Pain syndromes because abdominal digestive organs hurt
* Abdominal disease
* Painful unrest syndrome in horses

A
  • Pain syndromes because abdominal digestive organs hurt
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40
Q

Colic-like symptoms causes
* Meningitis, COPD, estrus
* Rabies, urinary diseases, genital diseases
* Encephalon oedema, pneumonia, Lyme-disease

A
  • Rabies, urinary diseases, genital diseases
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41
Q

Predisposing factor for colic disease
* Slow motion of stomach, intestines predisposed to meteorism, innervation of digestive organs predisposed to spasms
* Undigested substance empty from stomach, small intestinal motility is strong, substance of large intestines quickly goes off with strong motility
* Cannot vomit, dislocation of intestines can easily evolve disposition to vagotony

A
  • Cannot vomit, dislocation of intestines can easily evolve disposition to vagotony
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42
Q

Parasitic cause of colic
* Toxocara equi, Bunostomumum magnum infection
* Strongylosis, Ascariosis
* Toxacariosis, Strongyloidosis

A
  • Strongylosis, Ascariosis
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43
Q

Viral and bacterial causes of colic
* Salmonellosis, Clostridiosis, Arteritis
* Anthrax, rabies, pyelonephritis
* Rabies, lyme disease, salmonellosis

A
  • Salmonellosis, Clostridiosis, Arteritis
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44
Q

Mechanical and physical causes of colic
* Bad teeth, oesophagus obturation, sand in stomach
* Tooth abrasion failure, pylorus obstruction, isthmus of intestines
* Chewing insufficiency, sand in intestines, strange object in intestinal system

A
  • Chewing insufficiency, sand in intestines, strange object in intestinal system
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45
Q

Colic disease pathological dislocations
* Internal hernias, torsion of small intestines, colon dislocation
* Stomach, small intestines, colon torsion
* Diaphragmatic hernia, duodenum torsion, ileum torsion

A
  • Internal hernias, torsion of small intestines, colon dislocation
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46
Q

Colic symptoms causing agents
* Atropine, clavulanic acid, diazepam
* Amitrase, arekolin
* Organophosphorous compounds, amitrase, chlorpromazine

A
  • Organophosphorous compounds, amitrase, chlorpromazine
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47
Q

Agents causing shock in the colic horse
* Pain, fluid loss, endotoxaemia
* Sympathetic nervous system activity, dislocation of intestines, septicaemia
* Rupture of stomach and intestine, spasm of intestines, dyspepsial digestion insufficiency

A

Pain, fluid loss, endotoxaemia

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48
Q

Reason for pain in the colic horse
* Development of shock, paralysis of intestines, dislocation of intestines
* Excitement of mechanoreceptors, release of mediators, local circulation insufficiency
* Stop of stomach function, dilatation of intestines, dyspepsial digestion insufficiency

A
  • Excitement of mechanoreceptors, release of mediators, local circulation insufficiency
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49
Q

Reason for hypovolaemia in the colic horse
* Rupture of the stomach/intestines, ileus, colon obstipation
* Stomach meteorism, small intestinal atonia, colon disposition
* Ileus, mucosa inflammation, pain

A
  • Rupture of the stomach/intestines, ileus, colon obstipation

Eller 3???

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50
Q

Reasons for endotoxaemia in colic
* Increase of gr+ bact, circulation disorder of intestinal wall, typhocolitis
* Bact incr/collapse, ischaemia of intestinal wall, ileus
* Collapse of gr- bact, incr of lipoproteins, LPS, disorder of intestinal absorption

A
  • Collapse of gr- bact, incr of lipoproteins? LPS, disorder of intestinal absorption
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51
Q

Results of endotoxaemia in colic
* Toxic effect to red/white blood cells, haemolysis, anaemia
* Toxic effect to intestinal cells, intestine motility incr, hypertension
* Vasoactive materials incr, toxic effects to blood cells, clotting tendency incr

A
  • Vasoactive materials incr, toxic effects to blood cells, clotting tendency incr
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52
Q

Main diagnostics of colic worrying

  • How often, length of time, seriousness
  • Seriousness, intermittent/permanent, freq of tenesmus
  • Nature, seriousness, existence of diarrhea
A
  • How often, length of time, seriousness
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53
Q

Additional diagnostic exam in the colic horse
* Rectal exam, blood enzyme activity, exam of abd content
* Rectal exam, abd joggle, lab blood exam
* Rectal exam, exam abd content, exam bact culture of intestines

A
  • Rectal exam, abd joggle, lab blood exam
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54
Q

Colic horse blood exam in practical circumstances
* Qual blood count, Ht, TP
* RBC/WBC count, qual blood count
* Ht, TP, WBC count

A
  • Ht, TP, WBC count (hematocrit tube)
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55
Q

Colic horse therapy
* Release of convulsions, naso-gastric tube, cecal puncture, liquid therapy
* Electrolyte therapy, gastric lavage w/ Marek pipe, purgative enema
* Abd centesis, cecal puncture, gastric lavage

A
  • Release of convulsions, naso-gastric tube, cecal puncture, liquid therapy
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56
Q

Reasons for referral to clinic for colic horse
* If the colic symptoms still exist after 1h, if infusion on spot not possible, pulse 40/min permanently
* Colic despite therapy/meteorism, clinical/rectal findings refer to a serious disease, pulse >50/min permanently, no good conditions for the therapy
* Active intestinal murmue/freq flatulation, colic worrying despite of negative rectal findings, and if you can’t use nasogastric tubing

A
  • Colic despite therapy/meteorism, clinical/rectal findings refer to a serious disease, pulse >50/min permanently, no good conditions for the therapy
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57
Q

Colic tx in hospital
* Part clinical/lab exams, spasmolytics, abdominocentesis
* Blood test, abd x-ray, US, bact coproscopy
* Emergency interventions, fluid and electrolyte replacement, laparotomy

A
  • Emergency interventions, fluid and electrolyte replacement, laparotomy
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58
Q

Laparotomy indications in colic
* Possibility of ileus in rectal findings, repetitive meteorismus despire puncture, severe alterations in clinical values
* CS of gastric-intestinal rupture, as long as clinical signs of ileus
* Gastric overload, irreversible shock status, peritonitis

A
  • Possibility of ileus in rectal findings, repetitive meteorismus despire puncture, severe alterations in clinical values
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59
Q

Colic direct emergency interventions
* Gastric lavage, spasmolytics, shock therapy
* Gastric lavage, cecal puncture, hypovolaemic chock prevention
* Gastric overload therapy w/ physostigmin, meteorismus tx w/ rectal puncture, shock therapy

A
  • Gastric lavage, spasmolytics, shock therapy
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60
Q

Sedatives used in colic cases
* Detomidine, medeteomidine
* Detomidine, xylazine
* Detomidine, flunixin-meglumide

A
  • Detomidine, xylazine
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61
Q

Colic tx in case of endotoxaemia
* Endotoxin antiserum, carbacol, detomidin
* Endotoxin antiserum, medetomidine, metoclopramide
* Polymixin-B sulphate, flunixin meglumide, pentoxifillin

A
  • Polymixin-B sulphate, flunixin meglumide, pentoxifillin
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62
Q

Acute gastric dilatation pathogenesis
* High firm feed  pyloric spasm  dilatation  rupture
* Great amount of feed  motility decr  colic  vomiting  metabolic alkalosis
* Gastric content firm  dilution, lactic consistence  dilatation  regurgitation

A
  • High firm feed  pyloric spasm  dilatation  rupture
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63
Q

Acute gastric dilatation etiology
* Difficulty to digest feed + lack of water
* Highly fermentable feed + hard working after feeding
* Overfeeding + weather change

A
  • Highly fermentable feed + hard working after feeding
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64
Q

Acute gastric dilatation CS
* Severe colic, highly tense abd, rectal finding: gastric dilatation
* Sudden onset, severe colic, neg rectal finding, regurgitation
* Recurrent colic, strong int sounds, rectal grinding: dilated stomach

A
  • Sudden onset, severe colic, neg rectal finding, regurgitation
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65
Q

Acute gastric dilatation Tx
* Detomidine, xylazine, gastric lavage
* Physostigmine, neostimin, flunixin meglumide
* Noraminophenason, drotaverin, gastric lavage

A
  • Noraminophenason, drotaverin, gastric lavage
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66
Q

Gastric rupture CS
* Colic decr, shock, sweating in spots, typical abdominocentesis
* Signs of severe abd pan, fever, bloody abd puncture
* “Sitting dog posture”, regurgitation, bloody disturbed abd puncture

A
  • Colic decr, shock, sweating in spots, typical abdominocentesis
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67
Q

Acute gastric dilatation complications
* Gastric torsion, gastritis, infl of small int
* Gastric meteorismus, gastric ulcers, gastritis
* Laminitis, hemorrhagic gastritis, typhocolitis

A
  • Laminitis, hemorrhagic gastritis, typhocolitis
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68
Q

Acute gastritis etiology
* Gasterophilus, allergy, toxication by Datura Stramonium
* Parascariosis, Stachybotris atra toxicosis, gastric overload, FB
* Bad dentition, strongylosis, aflatoxins, allergy

A
  • Gasterophilus, allergy, toxication by Datura Stramonium
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69
Q

Serous-hemorrhagic gastritis etiology
* Feed w mycotoxins, lactic acid incr = more likey leukoencephalomalacia but can cause haemorrhage in stomach??
* Intake of immature maize, allergy
* Mouldy hay, water with high nitrate cc=can cause gastric irriatation

A
  • Intake of immature maize, allergy
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70
Q

Serous-hemorrhagic gastritis CS (I don’t know what these words mean)
* Serous gripes, “wineflake-like” gastric content, enteritis
* Gripes perspiration, “wineflake like” gastric content, shock/death
* Prostrate behaviour, “wineflake like” gastric content, laminitis

A
  • Serous gripes, “wineflake-like” gastric content, enteritis
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71
Q

Acute gastritis CS (again.. what is going on here)
* Anorexia, polydipsia, gape, breath smells sour-lushious, mild gripes
* Gripes, stinky breach, retching, abd dilation
* Freq gripes, stinky breath, regurgitation, left flank dilatation

A
  • Anorexia, polydipsia, gape, breath smells sour-lushious, mild gripes
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72
Q

Chronic gastritis etiology
* Mastication disorder, after acute gastritis, mainly colts
* Bad dentition, air-swallow, after acute gastritis
* Fault in feeding, incr prod of gastric acid, mainly cold blooded horses

A
  • Fault in feeding, incr prod of gastric acid, mainly cold blooded horses
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73
Q

Acute gastritis Tx
* Fasting, laxation, bethanechol
* Gastric lavage, laxation, physostigmine
* Gastric lavage, fasting, linseed-slurry

A
  • Gastric lavage, fasting, linseed-slurry
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74
Q

Stomach parasite infection
* Trichostrongylus, gasterophilus, habronematosis
* Habronematosis, gasterophilus, parasoaridosis
* Gasterophilus, habronematosis, strongylidosis

A
  • Trichostrongylus, gasterophilus, habronematosis
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75
Q

Signs of gastric parasite infestation in horse
* Anaemia, fatigue, threadworm in feces
* In colts, mild growth, irregular fur
* Colic, slimming, diarrhea

A
  • Colic, slimming, diarrhea
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76
Q

Gasterophilosis
* Gasterophilus, acute, gribes like gastritis, caused by gasterophilus larvae
* Serous bloody gastritis caused by gasterophilus larvae, freq gribes
* Gasterophilus caused by larva of equine gasterophilus causing chronic gastritis

A
  • Gasterophilus caused by larva of equine gasterophilus causing chronic gastritis
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77
Q

Gastric ulcer etiology
* Stress, NSAIDs, faulty nutrition
* Stress, steroid anti-inflamm drugs, grazing
* Fasting, NSAIDs, grazing

A
  • Stress, NSAIDs, faulty nutrition
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78
Q

Gastric ulcers symptoms
* Anorexia, weight loss, laying much, mild-moderate colic symptoms
* Wight loss in spite of good appetite, anaemia
* Anorexia, serious colic symptoms, anaemia

A
  • Anorexia, weight loss, laying much, mild-moderate colic symptoms
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79
Q

Catarrhal enteritis etiology
* Vagotonia, cold water/food, meterorological front
* Acute gastritis, int. obst., parasympathicotonia
* Diathesis, larval migration, enteritis

A
  • Diathesis, larval migration, enteritis
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80
Q

Colic important lab exams
* Ht, total plasma protein, plasma electrolytes, acid-base, peritoneal fluid
* Ht, qual hemogram, composition of blood protein, plasma Ca/P
* Hgb/Ht, quan hemogram, plasma crea/urea, urine density, urine protein

A
  • Ht, total plasma protein, plasma electrolytes, acid-base, peritoneal fluid
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81
Q

Catarrhal enteritis symptoms
* Serious colic/struggling, stomach rupture, high mortality rate
* Serious/moderate colic in seizures?, fast process, advantageous prognosis
* Mild/moderate, recurrent colic, diarrhea, lasts for 2-3d

A
  • Mild/moderate, recurrent colic, diarrhea, lasts for 2-3d
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82
Q

Catarrhal enteritis therapy
* Walking, No-spa inj, sigmosain IV
* Neostigmine, walking, use of laxative
* Anticonvulsive drug IV, enema w tepid water, warm stable

A
  • Neostigmine, walking, use of laxative
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83
Q

Drugs to increase peristalsis in horses
* Stigmosan, konstigmin
* Neostigmine, flunixin-meglumide
* Xylazine, neostigmine

A
  • Stigmosan, konstigmin
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84
Q

Laxatives for horses
* Mg sulfate, linseed mucin, detomidine inj
* Paraffin, mg sulfate, stigmosan ing
* Neostigmine, linseed mucin, drotaverin

A
  • Paraffin, mg sulfate, stigmosan ing
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85
Q

Strongyloidosis horse
* Bloody water like faeces, colic, weakness.
* Occult inf, symptoms in case of impairment of resistance
* In foals, resp symptoms, retarded growth

A
  • Bloody water like faeces, colic, weakness.
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86
Q

Parascariosis
* In intestines of suckling foals, catarrhal enteritis, small intestinal obturation, wasting/cachexia
* In stomach, SI, occult inf in adult horses
* Enteritis in foals, ileus, larval migration/hepatic trauma

A
  • Enteritis in foals, ileus, larval migration/hepatic trauma
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87
Q

Removal of roundworm
* Ivermectin, mebendazole, tetramizol
* Fenbendazole, oxibendazole, ivermectin
* Tiabendazole, mebendazole, tetramizol

A
  • Fenbendazole, oxibendazole, ivermectin
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88
Q

Viral enteritis of foals
* Adenovirus, coronavirus, in sep foals, melena, dehydr, poor health
* Adenovirus, coronavirus, enteralgia, 3-6m old foals
* Rotavirus + resistance decr at 1-2m

A
  • Rotavirus + resistance decr at 1-2m
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89
Q

Typical of acute proximal enteritis
* In older horses, sudden medium (average)/serious colic, duodenojejunitis + gastritis, pancreatitis
* Young foals after separation, infl of SI, melena for days
* Suckling foals, in studs in larger nr mortality

A
  • In older horses, sudden medium (average)/serious colic, duodenojejunitis + gastritis, pancreatitis
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90
Q

Causes of acute proximal enteritis
* Fungus toxin of feed, allergy
* Unknown-idiopathic, w horse feed or fodder fed horses, inf cause
* In foals, when fungus toxins in milk, fungus toxicosis

A
  • Unknown-idiopathic, w horse feed or fodder fed horses, inf cause = C.diff/ salmonella main
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91
Q

Pathogenesis of acute proximal enteritis
* GI motility incr - melena - dehyr - die in 3-4d
* Enteritis hemorrhagica, melena, recovery after tx
* GI motility - GI paralysis - ileus, enteritis, enterotoxaemia, often bad outcome

A
  • GI motility - GI paralysis - ileus, enteritis, enterotoxaemia, often bad outcome
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92
Q

Acute proximal enteritis
* Paralysis of intestines - reflux - gastric dilatation - nasogastric reflux - loss of fluid and electrolytes, enterotoxaemia, shock
* Diarrhea - hypovolaemia - shock, endotoxaemia
* Enteritis - diarrhea - lactacidaemia - metabolic acidosis - death

A
  • Paralysis of intestines - reflux - gastric dilatation  nasogastric reflux - loss of fluid and electrolytes, enterotoxaemia, shock
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93
Q

Acute proximal enteritis CS
* Colic, powerful GI sounds, sunken abdomen, diarrhea, exsiccation
* Fever colic – depression, poor health, cyanosis, round abd, regurgitation, gastric lavage: weak yellowish stinking content
* Average/serious colic, meteorismus, melena, dehydr, shock

A
  • Fever colic – depression, poor health, cyanosis, round abd, regurgitation, gastric lavage: weak yellowish stinking content
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94
Q

Lab results of acute proximal enteritis
* Ht 0.3-0.4, TPP 30-34g/L, leukocytes <3.0g/L, lactacid >5.2mmol/L
* Ht 0.6-0.8, leukocytes: leukopenia, lactacidaemia: metabolic acidosis
* Ht 0.6-0.8, neutropenia: neutrophilia, hypochloremia, metabolic alkalosis – acidosis

A
  • Ht 0.6-0.8, leukocytes: leukopenia, lactacidaemia: metabolic acidosis
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95
Q

Acute proximal enteritis tx
* Gastric lavage,antispasmodics, intense fluid and electrolyte therapy, flunixin meglumide
* Antispasmodics, analgesic drugs w increase GI motility, sucralfate
* Activated charcoal, paraffin, physostigmine inj

A
  • Gastric lavage=reflux? antispasmodics??, intense fluid and electrolyte therapy, flunixin meglumide = only if fever is bad – inhibit gut remodelling.
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96
Q

Ddx of acute proximal enteritis from other diseases of SI
* Colic in the beginning, then apathic, the abdominal probe is open, yellowish w high leukocyte content
* Slight/average colic symptoms permanently, abd probe is translucent, yellowish w low leukocyte conent
* Apathic, abd probe is opaque, yellowish w low leukocyte content and high erythrocyte content

A
  • Colic in the beginning, then apathic, the abdominal probe is open (opaque?), yellowish w high leukocyte content
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97
Q

Acute typhlocolitis features
* Sudden appearance of colic accompanied by writhing, meteorism, death within 12-24h
* Sudden appearance of appenditis, colicitis, endotoxaemic shock, high mortality
* Sudden appearance of colic in horses kept on pasture, paralytic ileus, meteorism

A
  • Sudden appearance of appenditis(caecum?), colicitis, endotoxaemic shock, high mortality
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98
Q

Acute typhlocolitis incidence and predisposing factors
* Springtime grazing, driving into rich pastures, forage liveration of scatol, stress
* Hospitalization, abd surgery, fasting, stress, ABs
* During transport of horses kept in stable, stress, fumonisin intake

A
  • Hospitalization, abd surgery, fasting, stress, ABs
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99
Q

Acute typhlocolitis study of origin
* Bacterial/virus inf of unknown origin, mycotoxins, stress
* Unknown (colitis x), multicause, Cl difficile inf/prop, dysbacteriosis, salmonellosis, endotoxin prolif, stress, NSAIDs
* Chlamydophila inf – lib of endotoxins, feeding alfalfa without transition, feeding new corn

A
  • Unknown (colitis x), multicause, Cl difficile inf/prop, dysbacteriosis, salmonellosis, endotoxin prolif, stress, NSAIDs
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100
Q

Acute typhlocolitis pathogenesis
* Enteritis – intestinal peristalsis – severe colic – ileus – shock
* Intestinal peristalsis incr – diarrhea – severe colic – necrosis – peritonitis – death
* Prolif of toxin forming Clostridium, starvation – rising of intestinal pH, dysbiosis, endotoxaemia/bactericemia, damage of mucosa, diarrhea, shock

A
  • Prolif of toxin forming Clostridium, starvation – rising of intestinal pH, dysbiosis, endotoxaemia/bactericemia, damage of mucosa, diarrhea, shock
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101
Q

Acute typhlocolitis consequences
* Fever, endotoxaemia, dehydration, hypovolaemia, metabolic acidosis, shock
* Writhing, watery/bloody diarrhea, state of shock
* Writhing, ileus – meteorismus, dyspnea, blood circulation insufficiency

A
  • Fever, endotoxaemia, dehydration, hypovolaemia, metabolic acidosis, shock
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102
Q

Acute typhlocolitis symptoms
* Anorexia, fever, colic – languor, profuse diarrhea, meteorismus, intestinal sounds incr – intestinal atonia, shock
* Writhing, profound colic, sweating, chronic diarrhea, recovery after AB tx
* Chronic colic, hemorrhagic inf of int/diarrhea, sunken flanks, uptight abdomen, intestinal peristalsis, hypovolaemic shock

A
  • Anorexia, fever, colic – languor, profuse diarrhea, meteorismus, intestinal sounds incr – intestinal atonia, shock
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103
Q

Acute typhlocolitis lab features
* Ht: 0.3-0.4, TPL 30-34g/L, leukocytes: 0.3g/L, lactate: 5.2mmol/L
* Ht: 0.6-0.8, TP: 80-90g/L, leukocytes: 1.303g/L, lactate: 4mmol/L Tp will drop as the proteins begin to be lost but there is an initial increase due to the dehydration,
* Ht: 0.65, TP: 35g/L, leukocytes: 8.2-5.1g/L, lactate: 20mmol/L

A
  • Ht: 0.6-0.8, TP: 80-90g/L, leukocytes: 1.303g/L, lactate: 4mmol/L Tp will drop as the proteins begin to be lost but there is an initial increase due to the dehydration,
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104
Q

Acute typhlocolitis adverse outcome
* CRT: 3-4s, pulse: 40-52/min, red conjunctiva, resp: 18-20/min, leukocyte: 2g/L, lactate: 20mmol/L
* CRT: 6s, pulse: 60/min, cyanosis, tachypnoe, leukocyte: 2g/L, lactate: 15-20mmol/L
* CRT: 6s, pulse: 80/min, cyanosis, tachypnoe, leukocyte: 1g/L, lactate: 20mmol/

A
  • CRT: 6s, pulse: 80/min, cyanosis, tachypnoe, leukocyte: 1g/L, lactate: 20mmol/?
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105
Q

Acute typhlocolitis prevention
* Hospital/general hygiene, only short term food withdrawal before surgery, stress tolerance, giving lincomicin, oxitetracyclin prohibited, probiotics
* AB therapy preventing Clostridium, thorough fasting prior to sx, medical attendance after sx
* Laxatives/fasting before sx, preventing AB therapy before sx, medical attendance after sx

A
  • Hospital/general hygiene, only short term food withdrawal before surgery, stress tolerance, giving lincomicin, oxitetracyclin prohibited, probiotics
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106
Q

Acute typhlocolitis medical therapy
* Inf against dehydration, lincomicin, probiotics
* Treatment against dehydr, metronidazole, flunixin meglumide, probiotics
* Treating shock and dehydr, OTC, artificial feeding

A
  • Treatment against dehydr, metronidazole, flunixin meglumide, probiotics
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107
Q

Cause of mechanical ileus
* Enterospasm, obstruction, intestinal paralysis
* Obstruction, compression, intestinal dislocation, strangulation
* Enterospasm, torsion of ileum, obturation of ileum

A
  • Obstruction, compression, intestinal dislocation, strangulation
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108
Q

Cause of functional ileus
* Disturbance of intestinal motility, spasmodic colic
* Spasmodic colic, intestinal paralysis
* Long lasting colic, intestinal paralysis

A
  • Spasmodic colic, intestinal paralysis
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109
Q

Cause of paralytic ileus
* Enteritis, peritonitis, abd sx
* Tetanus, botulism, enterotoxicosis
* Stress, tetanus, sx

A
  • Enteritis, peritonitis, abd sx
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110
Q

SI obstruction CS
* Violent long lasting colic, rectal finding; obstruction, strong intestinal sounds, sunken lumbar region, peritonitis pointing punctuation
* Alternative intestinal colic, negative rectal finding, mild meteorism, diarrhea
* Medium/strong colic, sec gastric contents by nasogastric tube, regurgitation, bicycle inner tube intact at rectal palpation

A
  • Medium/strong colic, sec gastric contents by nasogastric tube, regurgitation, bicycle inner tube intact at rectal palpation= does this mean DSI?
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111
Q

SI strangulation ileus causes
* Incarceration of internal hernia, intestinal retroflexion
* Invagination of SI, strangulation of SI
* Torsion of SI, strangulation of SI

A
  • Torsion of SI, strangulation of SI
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112
Q

SI dislocation ileus causes
* Internal hernia, torsion of SI
* Intestinal torsion, intestinal invagination, thromb-embolic intestinal disease
* Diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal spasm, torsion of SI

A
  • Internal hernia, torsion of SI
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113
Q

SI torsion causes
* Unequal content of int, colon reflux, disposition because of anatomy
* Int motility incr, colic rolling, disposition because of anatomy
* Forage intake – lactic acid incr – colic rolling – sI torsion

A
  • Int motility incr, colic rolling, disposition because of anatomy
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114
Q

SI torsion CS

  • Weakness, int motility incr, colic, rectal findings; SI strangulation
  • Colic/weakness left flank dilatation, rectal findings; place of basic disease
  • Severe colic, int sounds decr, reflux, rectal findings; SI like bicycle tube
A
  • Severe colic, int sounds decr, reflux, rectal findings; SI like bicycle tube
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115
Q

SI torsion outcome
* Sx/ maybe, poor prognosis, death in 24-36h
* Neostigmine, doubtful prognosis, improvement after 24h not expected
* Physostigmine/torsion might resolve as a result of walking, doubtful prognosis, significant mortality

A
  • Sx/ maybe, poor prognosis, death in 24-36h
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116
Q

SI invagination reasons
* As a result of enteritis, int motility incr, depending on basis of disease/poor prognosis
* Foals have unequal peristalsis + ascariosis, acute/subacute course of disease, doubtful prognosis
* Race horses/sport horses, result of stress, short/favourable course of disease

A
  • Foals have unequal peristalsis + ascariosis, acute/subacute course of disease, doubtful prognosis
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117
Q

SI invagination CS
* Severe colic, weakness, left flank dilatation, rectal findings; flatulent SI
* Progressive colic, sitting dog posture, rectal findings; flatulent SI
* Mild/mediocre colic, int sounds incr – decr, rectal findings; tense intestines

A
  • Mild/mediocre colic, int sounds incr – decr, rectal findings; tense intestines
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118
Q

Intestinal stenosis CS
* Periodic colic, subileus, mending/aggravation dyspepsia
* SI obturation, ileus, quick/slow progression
* Occasionally colic/dyspepsia, improving after purgative, recurring diarrhea

A
  • Periodic colic, subileus, mending/aggravation dyspepsia
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119
Q

Mesenteric abscess
* Foals after strangles, colic of variable intensity, dyspepsia, rectal findings - mostly neg
* Recurrent/mediocre colic, relapse/emaciation, rectal findings; round, size of fist or head, tuberity formula
* Colic in foal after strangles/failure, rectal findings; in pelvis, formula w fluctuating palpation on the right side

A
  • Recurrent/mediocre colic, relapse/emaciation, rectal findings; round, size of fist or head, tuberity formula
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120
Q

Grass sickness
* Dyspepsia during pasture, cachexia, disappearing after housing
* Pasturage/after being fed with harshly cut grass, mostly in foal recently separate dfrom mother, encephalo and soinal consequences
* Neurotoxin – GI myoparalysis, pastured horse

A
  • Neurotoxin – GI myoparalysis, pastured horse
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121
Q

Acute form of grass sickness symptoms
* Gastric dilatation/reflux, paralytic ileus, dysphagia, lameness
* Alimentary symptoms, colic, heavy diarrhea, dehydration
* Fever, intestinal motility incr, diarrhea, colic, dehydration  shock

A
  • Gastric dilatation/reflux, paralytic ileus, dysphagia, lameness
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122
Q

Primary caecal meteorism etiology
* Feeding with Lucerne – lactic acid incr – paralysis of cecal musculature – gas accumulation
* Feeding huge amount of papilionaceae without gradation, fermentation incr, seasonal
* Feeding w forage – VFA/lactic acid incr – gas production incr

A
  • Feeding w forage – VFA/lactic acid incr – gas production incr
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123
Q

Primary caecal meteorism pathogenesis
* Gas acc – intestinal dilatation – int paralysis – int rupture
* Fermentation of CH/cecum – lactic acid + gas prod incr – int paralysis + int dilatation – shock
* Cecal dilatation – spastic pain – atonia – fluid entrance – dyspnea – shock

A
  • Fermentation of CH/cecum – lactic acid + gas prod incr – int paralysis + int dilatation – shock
124
Q

Primary caecal meteorism symptoms
* Heavy colic, drum like dilatation of right flank, dyspnea, rectal palp; dilated cecum
* Heavy colic, heavy summetric dilatation of the abdomen, dyspnea, cyanosis, rectal palp; dilated cecum
* Weak/average colic, dilated flanks, dyspnea, cyanosis, rectal palp; dilated cecum/colon

A
  • Heavy colic, drum like dilatation of right flank, dyspnea, rectal palp; dilated cecum
125
Q

Primary cecal meteorism outcome, method of tx
* Paracentesis just farthest case, physostigmine gives good result in high doses, antichock if therapy, outcome: generally good
* Cecal paracentesis, without this, danger of death is very high
* Physosyigmine + Nospa inj, walking, fasting, reacts quickly to therapy

A
  • Cecal paracentesis, without this, danger of death is very high (trocarisation?)
126
Q

Chronic caecal impaction causes and pathogenesis
* Old horses, rough fibre feed, intestinal peristalsis decr, stasis/impaction of int content, endotoxamia, peritonitis, int rupture
* Rough fibre feed, chewing disorder, older age, int peristalsis decr, stasis/impaction of int content – colic – wasting, int rupture
* Fibery/chopped hay – VFA incr – intestinal atony – intestinal content compaction – colic – wasting

A
  • Rough fibre feed, chewing disorder, older age, int peristalsis decr, stasis/impaction of int content – colic – wasting, int rupture
127
Q

Caecal impaction symptoms

  • Medium/recurring colic, anorexia, failure, rectal palp; hard resistance at right upper region of abdomen
  • Colic nervousness, no defecation, wrong general health, rectal palp; faeces filled resistance at left upper 3rd of abdomen
  • Weak/constant colic, small berrylike feces, or no defecation, rectal palp; hard, feces filled resistance at right middle region of abdomen
A
  • Medium/recurring colic, anorexia, failure, rectal palp; hard resistance at right upper region of abdomen
128
Q

Caecal impaction tx and outcome
* Starving, cachectic, enema, good recover change
* Inf therapy, spasmolytics, deep enema, yeast mash through centesis, result; doubtful, danger of rupture
* Physostigmine inj many repeats, enemas, mechanical removal of feces, recover in days after tx

A
  • Inf therapy, spasmolytics, deep enema, yeast mash through centesis, result; doubtful, danger of rupture
129
Q

Colon impaction causes
* Rough fibre feed, bad teeth, old horses
* Rough fiber feed, overfeeding, chewing disorder
* Eating of litter, milling industry by-product, intestinal atony, intestinal paralysis, old horses

A
  • Rough fibre feed, bad teeth, old horses
130
Q

Colon impaction pathogenesis.
* Intestinal paralysis – int content impaction/stasis, dehydr – hypovolemic shock
* Int motility decr – disturb of int content passage/stasis, int atrophy
* Hardening/acc of int content, ileus – colic/dehydr – shock

A
  • Int motility decr – disturb of int content passage/stasis, int atrophy
131
Q

Colon impaction predilection sites
* Ampulla of dorsal colon, colon transversum, caeco-colic opening
* Caeco-colic opening, colon transversum, ampulla of dorsal colon
* Flexura pelvina, ampulla of dorsal colon, colon transversum

A
  • Flexura pelvina, ampulla of dorsal colon, colon transversum
132
Q

Colon impaction CS
* Constant/mediocre colic, “rocking horse” bearing, apathy, “seize up” faeces, rectal palp; hard faeces filled intestinal parts
* Fluctuating power colic, “dog-like sitting”, rare defecation of hard balls, rectal palp; faeces filled intestinal parts
* Medium/stronger colic from time to time, fast pulse rate, dilated abdomen, rectal palp; faeces filled colon

A
  • Constant/mediocre colic, “rocking horse” bearing, apathy, “seize up” faeces, rectal palp; hard faeces filled intestinal parts
133
Q

Colon impaction outcome, prognosis.
* Impaction of ampulla of dorsal colon: fast recover, colon transversum: doubtful, intestinal rupture is unfavourable
* Good results with early recognition, advanced stage; doubtful, intestinal atrophy, infaust
* Good rxn to proper tx, the ampulla of the dorsal colon is susceptible to pressure necrosis

A
  • Good results with early recognition, advanced stage; doubtful, intestinal atrophy, infaust
134
Q

Large colon obstipation tx.
* Paraffin oil poured into horse mouth, enema, neostigmine
* MgSO4 poured into horse mouth, repeated neostigmine inj
* Flunixin-meglumide to treat endotoxaemia, fluid therapy, paraffin oil, istizin

A
  • Flunixin-meglumide to treat endotoxaemia, fluid therapy, paraffin oil, istizin
135
Q

Small colon obstipation causes
* Small rough plant parts get into small colon – convulsions, intestinal passage stops
* Many rough plantal fibres get into small colon – intestinal atony – thickening of int content
* Small colon fills with thickened content – int dilatation/atony – int passage stops

A
  • Small colon fills with thickened content – int dilatation/atony – int passage stops
136
Q

Small colon obstipation CS
* Slight/serious colic, faintness/lack of appetite, defecation faiure, rectal findings; hard feces balls in small colon
* Slight colic, few hard faecal balls, rectal findings; hard, thickened faeces in small colon
* Permanent colic changing in its intensity, total lack of food uptake/faintness, no defecation, rectal findings; hard fecal balls in small colon

A
  • Slight colic, few hard faecal balls, rectal findings; hard, thickened faeces in small colon
137
Q

Small colon obstipation tx
* Intestinal tamponade, laxative oil/salts, mechanical removal
* Enema, repeated IM physostigmine inj, walk
* Fasting, sucralfate inj, intestinal tamponade, istizin

A
  • Intestinal tamponade?, laxative oil/salts, mechanical removal
138
Q

Meconium colic
* Intestinal obturation in newborn foal caused by chorion
* Meconium accumulation in small colon of newborn foals
* Convulsion/obstipation caused by meconium in the newborn foal

A
  • Meconium accumulation in small colon of newborn foals
139
Q

Meconium colic causes
* Lengthened gravidity, lg amount of meconium, difficult birth
* Retained placenta, lack of colostrum, premature birth
* Lack of colostrum, lengthened gravidity, tight pelvis

A
  • Lack of colostrum, lengthened gravidity, tight pelvis
140
Q

Meconium colic symptoms
* Defecation attempts, bad general state
* Hard/pitch like feces, permanent colic, anuria
* Pitch-like feces, colic, faintness

A
  • Defecation attempts, bad general state
141
Q

Meconium colic tx
* Enema, istizin, im physostigmine inj
* Mechanical removal of meconium, enema, paraffin oil given through nasal tube
* Enema, laxative oil/salt poured into foals mouth, mechanical removal of meconium

A
  • Mechanical removal of meconium, enema, paraffin oil given through nasal tube
142
Q

Mechanical ileus of large colon causes
* Intestinal obturative ileus
* FB gets into int / spastic ileus
* Congobatum, enteroliths, phytotrichobezoars/obturative ileus

A
  • Congobatum, enteroliths, phytotrichobezoars/obturative ileus
143
Q

Mechanical ileus of large colon CS
* Long lasting course, colic, intestinal sounds incr, defecation decr, coprological investigation, loosened colon
* Course lasts 1-2d, colic, int paralysis, meteorism, rectal findings; int wall oedema, causing thing is touchable
* Fatal fast course, colic, meteorism, shock, rectal findings; oedematous colon filled by gas

A
  • Course lasts 1-2d, colic, int paralysis, meteorism, rectal findings; int wall oedema, causing thing is touchable
144
Q

Forms of large colon dislocation ileus
* Torsion, thrombo-embolic enteropathy, angle refraction
* Angle refraction/retroflexion, torsion, large intestinal exclusion caused by spleen- kidney ligament
* Retroflexion, torsion, intestinal obturation/compression

A
  • Angle refraction/retroflexion, torsion, large intestinal exclusion caused by spleen- kidney ligament
145
Q

Large colon dislocation etiology
* Motility of large colon incr because of enteritis, rolling, anatomic disposition
* LI/meteorismus, irritation of int wall – int motility incr, suddenly moving
* Unequal fullness of large colon, suddenly powerful moving (plica colica) anatomical disposition

A
  • Unequal fullness of large colon, suddenly powerful moving (plica colica) anatomical disposition
146
Q

Large colon torsion pathogenesis
* Compression of int veins – circ decr in lrg areas – hypovolaemic + endotoxaemic shock
* Int motility incr – diarrhea – fluid loss – hypovolaemic shock

  • Torsion/compression of vessels – local circulation insuff – int necrosis – endotoxaemia/bacteraemia
A
  • Compression of int veins – circ decr in lrg areas – hypovolaemic + endotoxaemic shock
147
Q

Large colon torsion CS
* Powerful colic, hard intestinal sounds, bad general health, rectal findings; place of torsion can be tangled as a gross band
* Continuous colic thrashing, bloat, alarming general health, rectal finding; oedema infiltration of int wall is typical
* Hard colic + int motility incr, bloat, bad general health, rectal finding; torsion is tangled

A
  • Continuous colic thrashing, bloat, alarming general health, rectal finding; oedema infiltration of int wall is typical
148
Q

Large colon torsion outcome
* Cannot solve with surgery, mortality within 1d
* Sx rarely successful, physostigmine inj can help, mortality within 2-3d
* Sx can be successful within 8h, otherwise death within 1d

A
  • Sx can be successful within 8h, otherwise death within 1d
149
Q

Thrombo-embolic intestinal disease
* A thrombosis/embolism in wall of colon/mesenterium caused by strongylus vulgaris larvae
* Colic disease caused by Strongylus vulgris roundworm
* Hypermotility – large intestine displacement colic caused by roundworm larvae

A
  • A thrombosis/embolism in wall of colon/mesenterium caused by strongylus vulgaris larvae
150
Q

Thrombo-embolic intestinal disease etiology
* Roundworm migration in intestinal wall – blood supply decr – intestinal wall oedema/necrosis – peritonitis/shock
* Embolism in intestinal artery – blood supply decr – colic, int wall oedema/necrosis – peritonitis/shock
* Strongylus vulgaris infection – intestinal vessel thrombosis – intestinal paralysis – paralytic ileus – shock

A
  • Strongylus vulgaris infection – intestinal vessel thrombosis – intestinal paralysis – paralytic ileus – shock
151
Q

Thrombo-embolic intestinal disease CS and outcome
* Colic, meteorismus, paralytic ileus, roundworms in feces, rectal findings; LI bloating, physostigmine inj, prognosis doubtful
* Light/medium colic, meteorismus/diarrhea, rectal findings; LI filled w gas, strongylus eggs in feces, surgery, prognosis doubtful
* Sudden serious colic, bloat, paralytic ileus symptoms, rectal findings; not typical, tx palliative, mortality within 1d

A
  • Sudden serious colic, bloat, paralytic ileus symptoms, rectal findings; not typical, tx palliative, mortality within 1d
152
Q

Rectum rupture etiology

  • Amateur rectal finding/covering
  • Rectal finding, obstipation
  • Amateur covering/colic tx, intestinal torsion
A
  • Amateur rectal finding/covering
153
Q

Rectum rupture/intestinal wall rupture consequences
* Hard colic, paralytic ileus, blood flow from the rectum, peritonitis, sx ineffective, death within 2-5d
* Painful worrying, blood from rectum, septicaemia/endotoxaemia, death within 2-3h in case of perforation
* Colic worrying, blood from rectum, defecation disorder, injury can be successfully treated even in case of perforation

A
  • Painful worrying, blood from rectum, septicaemia/endotoxaemia, death within 2-3h in case of perforation
154
Q

Rupture of rectum / mucosal injury effects
* Colic restlessness, fatigue/weakness, bleeding from rectum, surgery useless, death in 2- 3d
* Defecation painful, feces covered with blood, worsening condition, untreatable
* Bleeding during rectal palpation, pain, wound has to be stitched, prognosis good/unstable

A
  • Bleeding during rectal palpation, pain, wound has to be stitched, prognosis good/unstable
155
Q

Rupture of rectal wall tx
* Conservative therapy in simple cases, sx + conservative therapy in more complicated cases, untreatable in case of perforation
* Always sx, can help even in case of complete rupture of rectal wall
* Conservative tx is long, but useful except if complete perforation, in that case prognosis is uncertain

A
  • Conservative therapy in simple cases, sx + conservative therapy in more complicated cases, untreatable in case of perforation
156
Q

Chronic enteritis, cyathostomiasis tx
* Fenbendazole, moxidectin
* Ivermextin, moxidectin
* Mebendazole, ivermectin

A
  • Fenbendazole, moxidectin
157
Q

Chronic enteritis etiology
* Granulomatous enteritis appears usually in horse older than 15y (2-3 years)
* Multisystemic eosinophil epitheliotrop disease causing lesions in gut mucosa and skin
* Proliferative enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis and appears in horses older than 15y

A
  • Multisystemic eosinophil epitheliotrop disease causing lesions in gut mucosa and skin
158
Q

Pathomechanism of colic. What is not typical?

  • Hypovolaemia
  • Hyperthermia
  • Endotoxaemia
  • Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
A
  • Hyperthermia
159
Q

Causative agent of equine proliferative enteropathy?
* E. coli
* Lawsonia intracellularis
* Clostridium difficile
* Clostridium perfringens D

A
  • Lawsonia intracellularis
160
Q

Aetiology of acute gastric dilation in horses?
* Poorly digestible feed + lack of water
* Highly fermentable feed + hard work after feeding
* Overfeeding with hay + weather front changes
* Sand-containing food + weather front changes

A
  • Highly fermentable feed + hard work after feeding
161
Q

Acute primary gastric dilation/treatment/horse?
* Gastric lavage by tubing, spamolytics, iv. Fluid and electrolyte replacement, flunixin meglumine
* Analgesics, mobilisers, sucralfate, iv. Fluid and electrolyte replacement
* Mineral oil, activated charcoal, sennoside, iv. Fluid and electrolyte replacement
* Diet coke, lidocaine, acepromazine

A
  • Gastric lavage by tubing, spamolytics, iv. Fluid and electrolyte replacement, flunixin meglumine (analgesia)
162
Q

Large colon torsion/outcome?
* Can’t be solved by surgery, always fatal outcome within one day
* Operation rarely successful, physostigmine inj. otherwise death within 2-3 days
* Operation can be successful within 8 hours, without surgery: death
* Specific body rotation in general anaesthesia can be solution

A
  • Operation can be successful within 8 hours, without surgery: death
163
Q

Dysphagia/causes/horse?
* E.g. blister beetle toxicosis, mandibular trauma, cyst of the soft palate
* E.g. guttural pouch mycosis, retropharyngeal abscess, cleft palate
* E.g. Dorsal displacement of soft palate, sinusitis, hypertriglyceridemia
* Equine motor neuron disease, herpesvirus infection, West Nile virus infection

A
  • E.g. guttural pouch mycosis, retropharyngeal abscess, cleft palate
164
Q

Cause of paralytic ileus?
* Enteritis, peritonitis, abdominal surgery
* Tetanus, botulism, enterotoxicosis, herpes
* Stress, organic phosphorous ester toxicosis
* Intestinal intussusception, chantaridin toxicosis

A
  • Enteritis, peritonitis, abdominal surgery (postoperative stage)
165
Q

Clinical signs of acute proximal enteritis/horse?
* Colic, strong GI sounds, sunken abdomen, diarrhoea, dehydration
* Colic depression, poor general status, reflux, distended small intestinal loops on US
* Mild/moderate colic, meteorism, melaena, dehydration, shock
* Loss of appetite, weight loss, recurrent fever

A
  • Colic depression, poor general status, reflux, distended small intestinal loops on U
166
Q

Oesophageal obturation/treatment/horse?
* Trocarisation of the caecum if necessary, dipyrone, xylazine
* Dipyrone, xylazine, trying to remove the solid food by hand if it is located behind the pharynx
* Oxytocin, butyl scopolamine, xylazine, oesophagostomy if other methods of removal fail
* Neostigmine, lidocaine, liquid paraffin

A
  • Oxytocin, butyl scopolamine, xylazine, oesophagostomy if other methods of removal fail
167
Q

Grass sickness/horse/cause?
* Salmonella sp.
* Cl. tetani
* Cl. botulinum
* Groundsel

A
  • Cl. botulinum
168
Q

Grass sickness/horse/clinical signs?
* Obstipation, nasogastric reflux, ptosis, muscle fasciculations
* Diarrhoea, reflux, miosis
* Reflux, nystagmus, muscle fasciculations
* Obstipation, nystagmus, dysphagia

A
  • Obstipation, nasogastric reflux, ptosis, muscle fasciculations
169
Q

Spasmodic colic/symptoms?
* Severe colic/rolling, danger of gastric rupture, high mortality rate
* Mild/moderate colic in attacks, negative rectal findings, fast course, favourable outcome
* Mild/moderate, recurrent colic, diarrhoea, rectal finding: distended intestines
* Poor performance, recurrent

A
  • Mild/moderate colic in attacks, negative rectal findings, fast course, favourable outcome
170
Q

When should you send a colic horse to an equine clinic?
* If the colic symptoms still exist after one hour, if you can’t give infusion at that place, pulse is constantly about 40 beats/min
* Colic despite of medical therapy, tympany, clinical/rectal findings reveal severe diseases, pulse constantly more than 50 beats/minute, not responding well to therapy, local conditions
* Strong intestinal sounds/frequent flatulating, colic is worsening despite the negative rectal finding, nasogastric tubing is not possible
* Pulse rate >40/min, respiratory rate <40/min, less than 4 piles of faeces/day

A
  • Colic despite of medical therapy, tympany, clinical/rectal findings reveal severe diseases, pulse constantly more than 50 beats/minute, not responding well to therapy, local conditions
171
Q

Esophageal obturation in horses/etiology:
* Dry chopped feed
* Solid pieces of feed (apple, potato, sugar beet)
* Abnormal position of the ligamentum botalli
* Most commonly secondary to other problems

A
  • Solid pieces of feed (apple, potato, sugar beet)
172
Q

Esophageal obturation/symptoms/horse:
* Dysphagia due to secondary pharyngeal paralysis, regurgitation, colic
* Esophageal spasm, retching, regurgitation, aspiration pneumonia
* Inability to swallow, esophageal paralysis, secondary laryngeal paralysis
* Swollen neck, ptyalism

A
  • Esophageal spasm, retching, regurgitation, aspiration pneumonia
173
Q

Mycotic stomatitis of horses/aetiology?
* Fusariosis, actinomycosis
* Cryptococcosis, aflatoxicosis
* Candidiasis, satratoxicosis
* Aspergillosis, trichomoniasis

A
  • Candidiasis, satratoxicosis
174
Q

Grading of gastric ulcers/horse:
* 0-4
* 0-5
* 0-10
* a-d

175
Q

Stomatitis of horses/viral and fungal origin/causes?
* Vesiculovirus, candidiasis, satratoxicosis
* Aphtovirus, herpesvirus, candidiasis
* Vesiculovirus, satratoxicosis, crptococcus neoformans
* Herpesvirus, rotavirus, adenovirus

A
  • Vesiculovirus, candidiasis, satratoxicosis
176
Q

Laxatives for horses?
* Magnesium sulfate, neostigmine, sennoside
* Mineral oil, magnesium sulfate, sodium sulphate
* Mineral oil, magnesium sulfate, carbachol
* Diet coke, charcoal

A
  • Mineral oil, magnesium sulfate, sodium sulphate (Na)
177
Q

Cleft palate in horses?
* Signs: dysphagia, nasal discharge with food particles
* Complications: decreased weight, diarrhoea, aspiration pneumonia
* Diagnosis: radiography
* Treatment: none

A
  • Signs: dysphagia, nasal discharge with food particles
178
Q

Oesophageal obturation/prognosis/horse?
* Mostly unfavourable
* Mostly favourable
* Always fatal outcome
* Poor prognosis

A
  • Mostly favourable
179
Q

Real colic is?
* A painful syndrome of the abdominal digestive organs
* All diseases causing abdominal pain
* A syndrome in horses characterised by pain and unrest
* A painful syndrome of the digestive organs

A
  • A painful syndrome of the abdominal digestive organs
180
Q

Esophageal obturation/etiology/horse:
* Primary; dry, chopped food, secondary; other esophageal diseases
* Primary; sharp metallic objects, secondary;primary gastric obturation
* Primary; foreign bodies, poor dentition, secondary; mycotic innervation disorder due to inflammation of guttural pouch
* Primary; esophageal paralysis, secondary; reflux due to gastric ulcer

A
  • Primary; dry, chopped food, secondary; other esophageal diseases
181
Q

Colitis aetiology/horse?
* Lawsonia intracellularis, Salmonella, E. coli
* Metronidazole, lincomycin, Streptococcus zooepidemicus
* E. coli, salmonella, carbohydrate overload, Aspergillus, microsporon
* Salmonella, certain antibiotics, blister beetle

A
  • Salmonella, certain antibiotics, blister beetle (produces a toxin called cantharidin)
182
Q

Stomatitis of horses/viral and fungal origin/which statement it NOT true?
* Can be caused by vesiculovirus, Candida albicans
* Can be caused by aphtovirus, herpesvirus, Trichophyton mentagrophytes
* Can be caused by vesiculovirus, Stachybotris atra
* Can be caused by vesiculovirus, candidiasis, stachybotryotoxicosis

A
  • Can be caused by aphtovirus, herpesvirus, Trichophyton mentagrophytes (ringworm, skin not mm)
183
Q

Oesophageal obturation/most common complication/horse?
* Angina pharynges
* Secondary gastric dilation
* Pharyngeal paralysis
* Aspiration pneumonia

A
  • Aspiration pneumonia
184
Q

Equine gastric ulcer/treatment/horse?
* Spasmolytic, flunixin meglumine
* H2 antagonist, proton pump inhibitor, sucralfate
* Mineral oil, proton pump inhibitors, NSAID, H2 antagonist
* Phenylbutazone, sucralfate, aluminium hydroxide

A
  • H2 antagonist, proton pump inhibitor, sucralfate
185
Q

A physiological arrhythmia in horses is:

  • 2nd degree AV block
  • 3rd degree AV block
  • Atrial premature complex
  • Ventricular premature complex
A
  • 2nd degree AV block
186
Q

In a normal ECG, P-wave is followed by:

  • T wave
  • R wave
  • Q wave
  • S wave
187
Q

Normal in horses:

  • Atrial fibrillation
  • Ventricular fibrillation
  • 2nd degree AV block
  • Arrhythmia
A
  • 2nd degree AV block
188
Q

The cardiovascular system can’t be examined with:

  • ECG
  • Ultrasound
  • Phonocardiography
  • Endoscopy
189
Q

Point of maximum intensity for mitral valve:

  • Right ICS 6
  • Left ICS 6
  • Left ICS 5
  • Left ICS 4
A
  • Left ICS 5
190
Q

Point of maximum intensity of aortic valve:

  • Right ICS 3
  • Right ICS 4
  • Left ICS 4
  • Left ICS 7
A
  • Left ICS 4
191
Q

Heart murmur grading:
* 1-6 scale
* 1-4 scale

192
Q

Common cardiac malformations in horses:

  • Persistent ductus Botalli
  • Tricuspid valve deformity
  • Interventricular septal defect
A
  • Interventricular septal defect
193
Q

Bacterial endocarditis locations in horse:

  • Mostly the pulmonary orifice
  • Mostly the tricuspid valve
  • Mostly the aorta- and mitral valve
A
  • Mostly the aorta- and mitral valve
194
Q

Bacterial endocarditis symptoms horse:

  • Fever, weariness, pulse rate incr, holodiastolic noise in the orifice of the aorta, decrescendo
  • Fever, poor health, cardiac dullness enlarged, strong systolic noise, oedema in the abdominal skin
  • Weariness, anorexia, rapid/weak pulse, cardiac dullness increased, holosystolic heart noises, oedema on foot
A
  • Fever, weariness, pulse rate incr, holodiastolic noise in the orifice of the aorta, decrescendo
195
Q

Bacterial endocarditis treatment horse

  • AB cure for 1-2w, bronchodilators, secretolyics
  • AB cure for 4-6w, sensitivity test, penicillin, gentamycin, cephalosporin, therapy of the congestive heart failure
  • AB cure for 4-6 days, penicillin, streptomycin, lincomicin, clindamycin
A
  • AB cure for 4-6w, sensitivity test, penicillin, gentamycin, cephalosporin, therapy of the congestive heart failure
196
Q

Aortic insufficiency horse

  • Strong systolic heart noise in the left 4 ICS, rapid pulse, frequent in older horses
  • Strong holodiastolic heart noise in the left 5-6 ICS, bumping pulse
  • Strong holodiastolic heart noise, bumping pulse, frequent in older horses
A
  • Strong holodiastolic heart noise, bumping pulse, frequent in older horses
197
Q

Mitral insufficiency horse

  • Holosystolic heart noise, tachypnoe, congestion in the pulmonary circulation
  • In the left 3 ICS strong pandsystolic heart noise, tachypnoe, dyspnoe, decline of performance, frequent
  • In the right 3 ICS strong pandiastolic heart noise, tachypnoe, dyspnoe, decline of performance, very rare
A
  • Holosystolic heart noise, tachypnoe, congestion in the pulmonary circulation
198
Q

Tricuspid insufficiency horse

  • Pansystolic noise on the area of the left cardiac dullness, right heart insufficiency, high/rapid pulse, strong venous pulse on the jugular fossa, frequent in sport horses
  • Systolic noise in the puctum maximum of the tricuspidal valve, right heart insufficiency, wide v. jugularis, positive vein pulse, rare
  • Holodiastolic heart noise on the area of the right relative cardiac dullness, strong venous pulse on the right jugular fossa, frequent in old horses
A
  • Systolic noise in the puctum maximum of the tricuspidal valve, right heart insufficiency, wide v. jugularis, positive vein pulse, rare
199
Q

Diagnosis of the valve diseases with echocardiography in horse

  • One dimension: valve problems, two dimensions: changes of the size of the heart ventricles, fractional shortening, Doppler: the mistakes of the heart’s blood supply
  • One dimension: fractional shortening, two dimensions: valve problems, Doppler: abnormal blood flowing round the valves.
  • One dimension: size changes of the heart chambers, fractional shortening, two dimensions: morphological abnormalities of the valves, Doppler: abnormal blood flowing in the chambers of the heart.
A
  • One dimension: fractional shortening, two dimensions: valve problems, Doppler: abnormal blood flowing round the valves.
200
Q

Myocardiopathies/causes/horse

  • Rhinopneumonitis, Equine influenza, septicaemia, Strongylus-larves, aflatoxin poisoning
  • Equine influenza, Equine Infectious Anaemia, strangles, dirofilariosis, mebendazoltoxiosis
  • Rhinopneumonitis, Equine influenza, Equine Infectious Anaemia, strangles, Strongylus-larves, monenzin toxicosis
A
  • Rhinopneumonitis, Equine influenza, Equine Infectious Anaemia, strangles, Strongylus-larves, monenzin toxicosis
201
Q

Heart rhythm disorders/reasons of the medical treatment/horse

  • Decline of performance, heart frequency during endurance test >200, in rest
    >90/minute, ventricle extrasystoles/tachyarrhythmias
  • Decline of performance, heart frequency during endurance test >120, in rest
    >40/minute, auricle extrasystoles, in case of ventricle tachyarrhythmias
  • Poor health, heart frequency during endurance test >200, in rest >90/minute, atrioventrcicular heart block
A
  • Decline of performance, heart frequency during endurance test >200, in rest
    >90/minute, ventricle extrasystoles/tachyarrhythmias
202
Q

Interruptio cordis causes and background information in horse

  • Vagotonia, 2nd degree AV block
  • Heart muscle damage, ectopic centre
  • Stimulus generalisation deficiency, failing of 1-1 heart cycle
A
  • Vagotonia, 2nd degree AV block
203
Q

Ventricular tachycardia features in horse

  • Heartbeat dropout in serious cardiac muscle lesion, sequence of ventricle escape beat
  • Dropout heart contractions, sequence of extrasystoles, intermittent IV leveled AV- block
  • Sequence of ventricular extrasystoles, in serious cardiac muscle lesion
A
  • Sequence of ventricular extrasystoles, in serious cardiac muscle lesion
204
Q

Pericarditis sicca symptoms in horse

  • Pain in cardiac area, soft heartsounds, scratching murmurs: increasing when the nose is occluded
  • Cardiac friction sounds, cardiac dullness incr, heartbeats almonst silent: increasing/disappearing when the nose is occluded
  • Cardiac pain, enlargement of the cardiac dullness, far heartsounds, friction sounds: disappearing when the nose is occluded
A
  • Pain in cardiac area, soft heartsounds, scratching murmurs: increasing when the nose is occluded
205
Q

In the course of Valsalva test

  • Increasing of pericardial friction sound, pleuropleural murmurs disappeared
  • Pericardiac murmurs disappeared
  • Pleurocardiac murmurs increased
A
  • Increasing of pericardial friction sound, pleuropleural murmurs disappeared
206
Q

Exsudative pericarditis symptoms horse

  • Cardiac dullness enlargement, far heartsounds, endocardial cardial murmur, positive vein pulse, underbelly oedema
  • Cardiac dullness enlargement, heartsounds far, non-audible, swelling of the jugular vein, underbelly oedema, abdominal punction: exsudation
  • Cardiac dullness incr, frition sounds, Valsalva test +
A
  • Cardiac dullness enlargement, far heartsounds, endocardial cardial murmur, positive vein pulse, underbelly oedema
207
Q

Intracardiac shunt detection horse

  • Doppler echocardiography
  • Scintigraphy, X-ray examination
  • Measurement of the intracardiac blood pressure
  • Contrast angiocardiography
A
  • Doppler echocardiography
208
Q

Bacterial endocarditis in horses/complication:

  • Purulent meningoencephalitis of hematogenous origin
  • Disseminated, multifocal, purulent nephritis with renal infarcts
  • Acute, immune-mediated glomerulonephritis
  • Pneumonia, polyarthritis, enteritis
A
  • Disseminated, multifocal, purulent nephritis with renal infarcts
209
Q

Most common localisation of bacterial endocarditis in horses

  • Mostly the orifice of the pulmonary artery (pulmonary valve)
  • Mostly the tricuspid valve
  • Mostly the aortic and mitral valve
  • Mostly the orifice of the pulmonary artery (pulmonary valve) and the aortic valve
A
  • Mostly the aortic and mitral valve
210
Q

The aortic insufficiency of the horse is characterised by

  • Strong diastolic cardiac murmur at the left, 4th intercostal space, rapid pulse, frequent in younger
  • Strong holodiastolic cardiac murmur on the left 5-6th intercostal space, slow pulse
  • Strong machinery murmur on the left 5-6th intercostal space, water-hammer pulse
  • Strong holodiastolic cardiac murmur, in the left, 4th intercostal space, bumping pulse, rather in adult horses
A
  • Strong holodiastolic cardiac murmur, in the left, 4th intercostal space, bumping pulse, rather in adult horses
211
Q

Common physiological arrhythmia in horses

  • Second degree atrioventricular block
  • Premature ventricular extrasystole
  • WPW syndrome
  • Sinus pause
A
  • Second degree atrioventricular block
212
Q

Mitral insufficiency/symptoms/horse

  • Holosystolic cardiac murmur in left 5th IC space, tachypnoea, dyspnoea, left-heart failure
  • Strong pansystolic cardiac murmur in left 3rd IC space, tachypnea, dyspnoea, exercise intolerance
  • Holodiastolic cardiac murmur in left 4th intercostal space, tachypnoea, dyspnoea, left-heart failure
  • II/VI-V/VI diastolic cardiac murmur in the left 4th IC space
A
  • Holosystolic cardiac murmur in left 5th IC space, tachypnoea, dyspnoea, left-heart failure
213
Q

The aortic insufficiency of the horse is characterised by?

  • Strong systolic cardiac murmur left, 4th intercostal space, rapid pulse, frequent in older horses
  • Strong holodiastolic cardiac murmur on left 5-6th intercostal space, bumping pulse
  • Strong holodiastolic cardiac murmur, in left, 4th intercostal space, bumping pulse, rather in adult horses
  • Common in the first 2 weeks of life holodiastolic cardiac murmur on the right side
A
  • Strong holodiastolic cardiac murmur, in left, 4th intercostal space, bumping pulse, rather in adult horses
214
Q

Common complication of bacterial endocarditis in horses

  • Meningoencephalitis
  • Disseminated purulent nephritis
  • Thromboembolism of the iliac arteries
  • Rupture of the dilated left atrium
A
  • Disseminated purulent nephritis
215
Q

The most specific plasma biochemical parameter to evaluate the biliary tract in horses is

  • Glutamate dehydrogenase
  • Lactate dehydrogenase
  • Aspartate dehydrogenase
  • Gamma-glutamyl transferase
A
  • Gamma-glutamyl transferase
216
Q

How do we take blood if we try to get pH and PaCO2 from arterial blood?

  • 5 ml syringe, 12 G needle
  • After sampling, take the syringe and cover the tip immediately with a small piece of rubber
  • Not necessarily cool, the sample can be tested tomorrow
  • Without boditus from the metatarsal dorsalis, the wine is cut with a sterile scalpel above the artery
A
  • After sampling, take the syringe and cover the tip immediately with a small piece of rubbe
217
Q

For further evaluation of a suspected liver disease in horses, we can measure plasma concentration of
* Glutamate dehydrogenase
* Amylase
* Creatinine
* Creatinine kinase

A
  • Glutamate dehydrogenase
218
Q

Which statement is correct for normal urine sample (SG=specific gravity)

  • pH 8, SG 1014, mild proteinuria
  • pH 8, SG 1028, glycosuria + with reagent strips
  • pH 5, SG 1028, calcium carbonate crystals
  • pH 8, SG 1028, calcium carbonate crystals
A
  • pH 8, SG 1028, calcium carbonate crystals
219
Q

When serum parameters would be increased in this foal with Se- Vitamin -E deficiency?

  • AST, CK, LDH
  • GGT, AST, ALT
  • CK, SDH, GLDH
  • Creatinine, ALT, CK
A
  • AST, CK, LDH
220
Q

Laboratory findings of a hepatopathy in horses

  • ALT ↑, AST ↓, SDH ↑, total protein ↑, blood anaemia ↓
  • Erythrocyte count ↓, left shift of the granulocytes, bilirubin ↑, bile acids ↓
  • Bilirubin ↑, bile acids ↑, AST ↑, GGT ↑, GLDH ↑, SDH ↑
  • BUN ↑, ammonia ↑, total protein ↑, creatinine ↑
A
  • Bilirubin ↑, bile acids ↑, AST ↑, GGT ↑, GLDH ↑, SDH ↑
221
Q

Physiological values of serum sodium in horses?

  • 55-100 mmol/l
  • 100-135 mmol/l
  • 135-155 mmol/l
  • 155-175 mmol/l
A
  • 135-155 mmol/l
222
Q

Physiological upper limit of blood urea in horses

  • 5 mikromol/liter
  • 5 mmol/liter
  • 20 mmol/liter
  • 10 mmol/liter
A
  • 10 mmol/liter
223
Q

? The upper physiological value of coagulation time in horse:

  • <15 min
  • <25 min
  • <5 min
  • <35 min
224
Q

PPID diagnosis:

  • Measuring GGI, LDH, CK
  • Measuring ACTH, dexamethasone suppression test
  • Thyroid profile tests
  • Measuring TRH and insulin
A
  • Measuring ACTH, dexamethasone suppression test
225
Q

The upper physiological value of prothrombin time in horses

  • < 10 sec
  • < 20 sec
  • < 30 sec
  • < 40 sec
226
Q

Normal values of blood glucose in horses

  • 3-5 mmol/l
  • 8-10 mmol/l
  • 2-3 mmol/l
  • 6-8 mmol/l
A
  • 3-5 mmol/l
227
Q

Physiological values of blood bicarbonate in horses

  • 25-30 mmol/l
  • 20-25 mmol/l
  • 15-20 mmol/l
  • 5-10 mmol/l
A
  • 25-30 mmol/l
228
Q

Approximate normal value of hematocrit in horses:

  • 0.55
  • 0.40
  • 0.30
  • 0.25
229
Q

The upper limit of serum potassium in the horse

  • 7 mmol/l
  • 15 mmol/l
  • 3 mmol/l
  • 5 mmol/l
230
Q

What midriatics would you use to dilate the pupil in the ophthalmic examination?

  • 2% atropine
  • 1% tropicamide
  • 2% lidocaine
  • 1% pilocarpine
A
  • 1% tropicamide
231
Q

What is a subpalpebral lavage catheter used for?

  • To anaesthetize the ocular surface
  • To provide long-term frequent topical treatment
  • To check intraocular pressure
  • To check nasolacrimal drainage patency
A
  • To provide long-term frequent topical treatment
232
Q

How do you remove cheek teeth in horses in most cases?

  • In the standing horse – oral extraction
  • In general anaesthesia – repulsion
  • In general anaesthesia – oral extraction
  • In the standing horse – repulsion
A
  • In the standing horse – oral extraction
233
Q

Dental diseases in horses/signs

  • Riding difficulties, decreased appetite, weight loss, diarrhoea
  • Riding difficulties, decreased appetite, weight loss, nasal discharge
  • Dysphagia, nasal discharge, head tilt
  • Dysphagia, diarrhoea, nasogastric reflux
A
  • Riding difficulties, decreased appetite, weight loss, nasal discharge
234
Q

What is the most important monitoring during GA in horses?

  • Blood gas control
  • Palpation of the pulse
  • Auscultation of the thorax
  • Direct blood pressure measurement
A
  • Auscultation of the thorax
235
Q

Which drug is used for premedication for general anaesthesia?

  • Propionil promazine
  • Ketamine
  • Acepromazine
  • Dobutamine
A
  • Acepromazine
236
Q

Which is the most often used inhalational anaesthetic in horse?

  • Desfluran
  • Halothan
  • Isofluran
  • Enfluran
237
Q

Which drug is used for induction in GA?

  • Xylazine
  • Ketamine
  • Acepromazine
  • Dobutamine
238
Q

The pulse in normal horses can be palpated on the

  • Coccygeal artery
  • Femoral artery
  • Brachial artery
  • Transverse facial artery
A
  • Transverse facial artery
239
Q

The following intravenous fluids are crystalloids, except:

  • Normal saline
  • 5% glucose solution
  • Hetastarch
  • Ringer’s solution
A
  • Hetastarch
240
Q

Which of the following is true regarding the placement of an intravenous cannula

  • In horses, primarily the transversa facial vein is used for catheterization
  • It is not necessary to scrape the cannula inserted into the lo wine, usually a cover??
  • When one jugular vein jugular vein is obstructed, it is usually cannulated with one of the thoracic external veins
  • There is no need for sterile preparation at cannula preparation
A
  • When one jugular vein jugular vein is obstructed, it is usually cannulated with one of the thoracic external veins
241
Q

Which muscle is used for IM drug admin in horses?

  • M. quadriceps femoris
  • M. gluteus
  • M. Triceps brachii
  • M. Supraspinatus
A
  • M. gluteus
242
Q

Which option is not true for intravenous drug delivery?

  • The sharp point must be closed with the ven (approx. 45 degrees)
  • Paravenous administration of thiopental and phenylbutazone causes skin necrosis
  • Inflammation of the jugular vein exterior does not have long-lasting, severe consequences
  • The jugular vein in the upper third of the neck is the most suitable for suction
A
  • Inflammation of the jugular vein exterior does not (or does?) have long-lasting, severe consequences

Hvis den er does not

243
Q

In a healthy horse, it is possible to palpate

  • Mandibular LN
  • Retropharyngeal LN
  • Prescapular LN
  • Iliosacral LN
A
  • Mandibular LN
244
Q

How to withdraw if you want arterial blood ph and PaCO2?

  • Should be processed immediately or it can be placed on ice.
  • Samples analysed for pH and PaCO2 determination are fairly stable and can be held at room temperature for up to 1h.
  • Arterial samples for determination of PaO2 are less stable and must be collected in glass syringes and stored on ice (for up to 2h) if not immediately processed.
A
  • Arterial samples for determination of PaO2 are less stable and must be collected in glass syringes and stored on ice (for up to 2h) if not immediately processed.
245
Q

Which of the following statements is correct about taking a urine sample from horses?

  • It is only possible under sedation
  • Transrectal aspiration from the urinary bladder is acceptable under general anaesthesia
  • It is possibly only after administering furosemide
  • Placing the horse on fresh bedding may induce spontaneous urination
A
  • Placing the horse on fresh bedding may induce spontaneous urination
246
Q

Which of the following is the sign of incorrect placement of the needle when giving intraperitoneal injections?
* A hiss of air when puncturing the abdominal wall
* Haemorrhage from needle
* Free movement of needle in the abdominal cavity
* No resistance when administering the solution

A
  • Haemorrhage from needle
247
Q

What would cause central distension of the jugular vein in the horse?

  • Thrombophlebitis
  • Pericardial effusion or tricuspid insufficiency
  • Cor pulmonale
  • AO insufficiency
A
  • Pericardial effusion or tricuspid insufficiency
248
Q

Which nerve is affected when the tongue is paralyzed in a horse?

  • Median nerve
  • Hypoglossal nerve
  • Vagal nerve
  • Maxillary nerve
A
  • Hypoglossal nerve
249
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid can be collected from the

  • Atlantoaxial space
  • Thoracolumbar space
  • Lumbosacral space
  • Sacrococcygeal space
A
  • Lumbosacral space
250
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid can be collected from:

  • The lumbosacral region
  • The sacrococcygeal space
  • Between any two vertebrae
  • Between C7 and Th1
A

The lumbosacral region

251
Q

Cerebellar hypotrophia (inherited abiotrophy)

  • Esp in arab foals, cerebellum cortical, congenital, purkinje fibres degeneration, symptoms after 6m age, head tremor, spastic ataxia, dysmetria (high steps)
  • Hereditary cerebellar disease of English thoroughbreds, cerebellum atrophy, symptoms start in one month old foals, ataxia, rotary motion, disorder of balance, weakness
  • Hereditary in pony foals, cerebellar disease, cortex degeneration, symptoms after 3m age, unsteady movements, foals suck only with help, ataxia, retarded growth
A
  • Esp in arab foals, cerebellum cortical, congenital, purkinje fibres degeneration, symptoms after 6m age, head tremor, spastic ataxia, dysmetria (high steps)
252
Q

Hydrocephalus in adult horse etiology and pathogenesis

  • Liquor flow block – aqueduct of mesencephalon is obturated – cerebral edema – cerebral ventricle dilatation – pressure atrophy of cerebral ventricles peripheral neurons
  • Block of liquor flow because of stricture of aqueduct of mesencephalon – cerebral oedema – protrusion – compression of aqueduct of mesencephalon – cerebral ventricle dilatation – cortex atrophy
  • Incr liquor prod – liquor stagnation – cerebral oedema – cerebral ventricle dilatation – destruction of brain stem neurons
A
  • Block of liquor flow because of stricture of aqueduct of mesencephalon – cerebral oedema – protrusion – compression of aqueduct of mesencephalon – cerebral ventricle dilatation – cortex atrophy
253
Q

Hydrocephalus in adult horse CS

  • Skull hypertrophy, dumbing, deafness, blindness, mutation of cerebral neurons, strabismus, eyelids-ear dangling, paralysis of tongue
  • Dumbed countenance, spasms of temporal muscles, strabismus, nystagmus, imbalance, consciousness disorder
  • Gradually deteriorate cortical outages, disorder of feeding and drinking, dumbing, moving disorder, disorder of proprioception
A

Gradually deteriorate cortical outages, disorder of feeding and drinking, dumbing, moving disorder, disorder of proprioception

254
Q

Heat stroke in horses

  • In working horse in vapoured hot summer, languor weakness, tachycardia – pulmonary oedema – cerebral oedema, 41-43⁰
  • Horse kept in warm stable, strong sweating, languor, excitement of vasomotoric centrum, high mortality, high mortality, 39.5-40⁰
  • Hot summer, colic-like restlessness, later weakness, spasms, loss of consciousness, high mortality, >42⁰
A
  • In working horse in vapoured hot summer, languor weakness, tachycardia – pulmonary oedema – cerebral oedema, 41-43⁰
255
Q

Cholesterol granuloma horse

  • Cholesterol cessation in cerebral ventricles – cerebral ventricle dilatation – pressure atrophy of cortex
  • Granuloma formation of cerebral ventricles – liquor circulatory disorder – hydrocephalus
  • Brain stem granulomatosis – lesion of nucleus of V, Vii, IX cerebral neurons, strabismus, face paralysis, pharynx paralysis
A
  • Granuloma formation of cerebral ventricles – liquor circulatory disorder – hydrocephalus
256
Q

Narcolepsia, cataplexia in horse

  • Appears in attacks, falling asleep voluntarily, gradually deteriorate attacks until collapse, clonic convulsions, coma – death
  • Sleepiness/collapse, senseless status, generalized atonia, areflexia
  • Hereditary, nervous system complient, temporal loss of consciousness, behaviour disorder in the breaks of the attacks, irritability
A
  • Sleepiness/collapse, senseless status, generalized atonia, areflexia
257
Q

Rabies etiology and pathogenesis

  • Arbovirus, bites from rabid dogs, stabled horse, haematogenous virus prop, penetration into cerebrum only in case of immune def
  • Virus inf from bites of rabid dogs, virus prop along nerves, replication in synapses, encephalomyelitis
  • Lentivirus, nucleate encephalomyelitis, prop by bites of rabid foxes, penetration through a wound, penetration by lymph vessels
A
  • Virus inf from bites of rabid dogs, virus prop along nerves, replication in synapses, encephalomyelitis
258
Q

Rabies CS

  • Within 1-3d after inf, behaviour disorder, anorexia, involuntary movement, high fever, loss of consciousness, spasms, death within 1-2d
  • 1-3d after inf, langor, weakness, paralysis of cerebral nerves, gradually deteriorating status, 3-4w disease progression
  • Astrus like behaviour or emergence of penis, colic like restlessness, disorder of feed, water uptake, salivation, spasms, seizures, consciousness disorder, usually 2- 6d lethal ending disease progression
A
  • Astrus like behaviour or emergence of penis, colic like restlessness, disorder of feed, water uptake, salivation, spasms, seizures, consciousness disorder, usually 2- 6d lethal ending disease progression
259
Q

Malformation and malarticulation of cervical vertebrae CS

  • Locomotion disorder in ½ - 3y old foals, often HLs, ataxia, paresis, cervical pain, appearing suddenly, deteriorative, then stabilized process
  • Imbalance esp in racehorses, stumbling, dangling head, painful when moving neck, paraparesis, slowly deteriorative progression
  • Painful neck in 6m old English thoroughbred foals, dangling neck and head, later deterioration locomotion disorder, rotary motion, intermittent lameness, feeling wobbly, then tetraparesis
A
  • Locomotion disorder in ½ - 3y old foals, often HLs, ataxia, paresis, cervical pain, appearing suddenly, deteriorative, then stabilized process
260
Q

Malformation and malarticulation of cervical vertebrae diagnosis

  • Cervical x-ray in extended and flexed position, myelography
  • Liquor sampling, CT exam
  • Myelography, CT exam
A
  • Cervical x-ray in extended and flexed position, myelography
261
Q

Myeloencephalomalacia caused by Herpesvirus

  • Serious resp symptoms, after 6-8d NS CS, convulsions, paralysis of cranial nerves and skeletal muscles
  • Pneumonia, after 3-4w paraparesis, paresthesia in gluteal region, paralysis of caudal/anal muscles, limbs, unconsciousness in more serious cases
  • Resp symptoms, paraparesis, ataxia, sitting dog position, recumbency
A

Resp symptoms, paraparesis, ataxia, sitting dog position, recumbency

262
Q

Myeloencephalomalacia caused by Herpesvirus

  • Horses previously immunized never show CNS CS
  • CNS CS are usually detected in young 1-2y old horses, most cases fatal
  • CNS CS usually appear after resp CS and at the same time with epidemic abortion in the herd
A
  • CNS CS are usually detected in young 1-2y old horses, most cases fatal
263
Q

Therapy of myeloencephalomalacia caused by Herpesvirus

  • Diuretics, NSAIDs, manual removing of urine and feces if necessary, lifting cradle
  • Manual removing of urine and feces if necessary, lifting cradle, ABs, penicillins, vitamin C
  • NSAIDs, DMSO infusion, manual removing of urine and feces if necessary, lifting cradle
A
  • Manual removing of urine and feces if necessary, lifting cradle, ABs, penicillins, vitamin C
264
Q

Borna disease

  • ssRNA virus inf – slow degeneration of neurons – meningoencephalomyelitis, abnormal behavious, apathy, ataxia, compulsive movements, course takes 2-6w, fatal disease
  • Herpesvirus inf – encephalomyelitis, paralysis, convulsions, “pushing syndrome”, slow course leading to death
  • Arbovirus infection – perineural spreading to CNS – encephalomyelitis, confusion, apathy, convulsions, ataxia, compulsive movement, course takes 2-6w, fatal disease
A
  • ssRNA virus inf – slow degeneration of neurons – meningoencephalomyelitis, abnormal behavious, apathy, ataxia, compulsive movements, course takes 2-6w, fatal disease
265
Q

Bacterial meningitis horse

  • Caused by septicaemia in foals, atypic symptoms, aggressive behaviour, paraparesis – paraplegia, fast progression of CNS symptoms
  • Septicaemia in foals, abnormal behaviour and movement, paraesthesia, disorder of cranial nerve, recumbency – death
  • In adult, atypic symptoms, general spastic paresis, normal consciousness
A
  • Septicaemia in foals, abnormal behaviour and movement, paraesthesia, disorder of cranial nerve, recumbency – death
266
Q

Equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELE)

  • Mycotoxin uptake from rotten silage – encephalomalacia – convulsions, laryngoparesis
  • Hepatic failure – toxins to brain – encephalomalacia – usually confusion, dementia, coma
  • Food infected by moulds – fumonisin B1 toxins, encephalomalacia – dysphagia, dyskinesis – recumbency
A
  • Food infected by moulds – fumonisin B1 toxins, encephalomalacia – dysphagia, dyskinesis – recumbency
267
Q

Botulism in horse

  • Animal corpse, rotten food, infected wounds – botulotoxin – weakness, paralysis, laryngoparalysis, mydriasis, normal consciousness, recumbency
  • Animal corpse, rotten food, infected wounds – botulotoxin – encephalomalacia – confusion, general weakness and paralysis – recumbency
  • Botulotoxin uptake with contaminated food – encephalomalacia and hepatosis – jaundice, confusion, dysphagia – death in 7d
A
  • Animal corpse, rotten food, infected wounds – botulotoxin – weakness, paralysis, laryngoparalysis, mydriasis, normal consciousness, recumbency
268
Q

Tetanic convulsions of mare

  • Decr blood Ca, because of malnutrition of endocrine malfunction. Around parturition, epileptiform convulsions with consciousness.
  • ? Epileptiform convulsions in mares, around estrus on genetic base ?
  • In sensitive thoroughbred mare, mainly after races. Some minute-long convulsions because of the decr of blood Ca
A
  • Decr blood Ca, because of malnutrition of endocrine malfunction. Around parturition, epileptiform convulsions with consciousness.
269
Q

Bacterial meningitis tx

  • Trimethoprim, sulphonamides, amoxicillin, ketaprofen
  • K-penicillin, gentamicin, enrofloxacin
  • Ampicillin, tylosin, virginiamycin
A

A eller B?
Gram positive: K-penicillin G, ampicillin, ceftiofur

Gram negative: TMP-sulphonamide, gentamycin, amikacin

270
Q

Tetanus CS

  • Flag like tail, muscular rigidity, ptosis, lock jaw, salivation
  • Heperreflexia, muscular rigidity, general muscular rigidity (esp ear, tail), lock jaw
  • Hyperreflexia, rigidity of the neck, confusion, contorted facial expression
A
  • Heperreflexia, muscular rigidity, general muscular rigidity (esp ear, tail), lock jaw
271
Q

Tetanus outcome

  • In treated cases recover after 4-5d
  • Course takes 10-14d, outcome adverse
  • Short course – death in days, if 10-12d survival – possible to recover
A
  • Short course – death in days, if 10-12d survival – possible to recover
272
Q

Tetanus tx

  • Provide suitable place, diazepam, treat the wound, liquid nutrient supplement, muscle relaxants
  • Major tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, infusions, serum therapy, drinking from the ground, provide good hay, walking twice a day
  • Xylazine, narcotics, microlaxants (?), provide suitable place, infusions, ABs, easily chewable feed
A
  • Provide suitable place, diazepam, treat the wound, liquid nutrient supplement, muscle relaxants
273
Q

Unilateral facial nerve paralysis in horse

  • Floppy ear, palpebral paralysis, face deform on the sick side, trismus
  • Deformed face, floppy ears, ptosis, paralytic nose and lips
  • Nose, lips hanging flagily, horse cannot close its mouth, tongue hangs out
A
  • Floppy ear, palpebral paralysis, face deform on the sick side, trismus
274
Q

Neuritis caudae equinae

  • Spastic paralytic flagging tail, skin hyperaesthesia near tail, closing m of rectum shrinking crampingly
  • Muscles of tail shrinking crampingly, strong skin pain around tail, difficult to defecate and urinate
  • Anaesthesia by anus, hyperaesthesia, tail paralysis, rectuparalysis
A
  • Muscles of tail shrinking crampingly, strong skin pain around tail, difficult to defecate and urinate
275
Q

Neuritis caudae equinae

  • Another name is polyneuritis equi and degenerative disease of peripheral nerve system
  • Another name is equine motor neuron disease and is caued by def in vit E
  • Polyneuritis and equine motor neuron disease are caused by peripheral nerve system and the def of vit E
A
  • Another name is polyneuritis equi and degenerative disease of peripheral nerve system
276
Q

Equine motor neuron disease/cause

  • Selenium toxicity
  • Vitamin E deficiency
  • Vitamin B1 deficiency
  • Unidentified clostridium strain
A
  • Vitamin E deficiency
277
Q

Dysphagia/causes/horse

  • Disorders of the V, VII, IX, X, XII cranial nerves
  • Disorders of the V, VI, IX, X, XI cranial nerves
  • Disorders of the IV, IX, XII cranial nerves
  • Disorders of the III, VII, X, XI, XII cranial nerves
A
  • Disorders of the V, VII, IX, X, XII cranial nerves
278
Q

Tongue paralysis of horses/causes?

  • Paralysis of the n. vagus, strangles
  • Rabies, botulism, equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELE)
  • Rabies, narcolepsy, rhinopneumonitis
  • Polyneuritis equi, equine dyautonemia (grass sickness), n. accessories paralysis
A
  • Rabies, botulism, equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELE)
279
Q

Grass sickness/horse/characteristics?

  • Draft horses on pasture, myopathy
  • Young horses on pasture, myopathy
  • Older horses on pasture, dermatologic disease
  • Young horses on pasture, neurologic disease
A
  • Young horses on pasture, neurologic disease
280
Q

Definitive diagnosis of equine leukoencephalomalacia

  • Elevated liver and kidney parameters
  • Feed analysis and histopathology (brain, liver)
  • Clinical signs are definitive
  • Elevated liver parameters and glucosuria
A
  • Feed analysis and histopathology (brain, liver)
281
Q

Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME)/prognosis and treatment:

  • Sulphonamides, antibiotics might help in early stage
  • Always fatal outcome, affected animals should be slaughtered
  • Only symptomatic treatment is possible, sometimes improvement might occur
  • Only symptomatic treatment is possible, with poor prognosis
A
  • Sulphonamides, antibiotics might help in early stage
282
Q

Botulism Aetiology Horse

  • Cl. botulinum + botulinum toxin contaminated carrion remnant in the feed e.g. rotten silage, exceptionally Cl. botulinum infected wounds or gastrointestinal tract
  • Cl. botulinum -> per os uptake of bacterium contaminated carrion in the feed or rotten silage -> Cl. botulinum septicaemia
  • Spreading of Cl. botulinum in anaerobe wounds; exceptionally per os uptake of botulinum toxin contaminated carrion remnants with the feed
  • Spreading of Cl. botulisnum in the gut, bacteraemia
A
  • Cl. botulinum + botulinum toxin contaminated carrion remnant in the feed e.g. rotten silage, exceptionally Cl. botulinum infected wounds or gastrointestinal tract
283
Q

Herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy clinical signs/horse

  • Epileptiform convulsions, cranial nerve paralysis, then severe resp. signs within 6-8 days
  • Pneumonia, followed by facial and trigeminal paralysis within 3-4 weeks, unconscious
  • Asymmetric gluteal muscle atrophy
  • Resp. signs, followed by paraparesis, ataxia, dog sitting position, recumbency
A
  • Resp. signs, followed by paraparesis, ataxia, dog sitting position, recumbency
284
Q

Polyneuritis/aetiology/horse?

  • EHV-2, adenovirus, Rhodococcus equi
  • EHV-1 adenovirus, Streptococcus
  • EHV-1, fumonizin, Actinobacillus equuli
  • Clostritidium botulinum C
A
  • EHV-1 adenovirus, Streptococcus
285
Q

Definitive diagnosis of equine leukoencephalomalacia?

  • Elevated liver and kidney parameters
  • Feed analysis and histopathology (brain, liver)
  • Clinical signs are definitive
  • Elevated liver parameters and glucosuria
A
  • Feed analysis and histopathology (brain, liver)
286
Q

What are the causes of pyrrolizidine-toxicosis in horses?

  • Senecio, Crotalaria-sp.
  • Insecticides with organophosphates
  • Anti-parasitic agents containing pyrrolizidine
  • Accumulation of toxic metabolites in hepatic fibrosis
A
  • Senecio, Crotalaria-sp.
287
Q

Which disease is abbreviated with ELE(M) and what is its cause?

  • Equine leukoencephalomyelitis, togavirus
  • Equine leukoencephalomalacia, fumonisin-B1 toxin
  • Equine lekoencepahlomacia and myelosis, satratoxin
  • Equine lymphocytic encephalitis viral infection
A
  • Equine leukoencephalomalacia, fumonisin-B1 toxin
288
Q

Cerebral commotion in horses/treatment?

  • General anaesthesia
  • DMSO infusion
  • 0.45% NaCl solution
  • Pentoxiphylline
A
  • DMSO infusion
289
Q

Causes and features of Tyzzer-disease in horses?

  • Listeria monocytogenes-caused meningoenphalitis
  • Actinobacillus equulis infection, septicaemia in foals
  • Clostridium piliforme acute hepatitis in foals
  • Clostridium botulinum, hepatocencephalopathy in foals
A
  • Clostridium piliforme acute hepatitis in foals
290
Q

Neurophysiologic background of botulism?

  • Paralysis of the striated muscles due to inhibited released of GABA at the presynaptic motor nerve endings
  • Paralysis of the striated muscles due to inhibited release of acetylcholine at the presynaptic motor nerve endings
  • General muscular paralysis due to inhibited release of acetylcholine at the presynaptic motor nerve endings
  • Paralysis of striated muscles due to inhibited release of GABA at postsynaptic motor
    n. endings
A
  • General muscular paralysis due to inhibited release of acetylcholine at the presynaptic motor nerve endings
291
Q

Features of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy?

  • Horses previously immunised never show CNS signs
  • CNS signs usually appear in 1-2 years old, before respiratory signs, and in most cases are fatal
  • CNS signs usually appear in adult horses after the respiratory signs
  • Horses with herpes myeloencephalopathy have grave prognosis
A
  • CNS signs usually appear in adult horses after the respiratory signs
292
Q

Cerebral commotion in horses/consequences?

  • Long-lasting loss of consciousness, recumbency, convulsions
  • Temporary loss of consciousness, disorders of locomotion
  • Recumbency, bleeding from the nostrils and from the ears
  • Bilateral facial paralysis
A
  • Recumbency, bleeding from the nostrils and from the ears
293
Q

Facial paralysis/aetiology/horse?

  • Guttural pouch mycosis, otitis media
  • Basilar skull fracture, hydrocephalus
  • Stachybotriotoxicosis, wobbler syndrome
  • Fracture of the basisphenoid bone, leukoencephalomyelitis
A
  • Guttural pouch mycosis, otitis media
294
Q

Characteristics of equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELE)?

  • Mycotoxin uptake from rotten silage -> encephalomalacia -> convulsion, laryngoparalysis
  • Hepatic failure -> toxins into the brain -> encephalomalacia -> usually confusion, dementia, coma
  • Food contaminated with moulds -> fumonisn-B1 toxin: encephalomalacia -> dysphagia, dyskinesis -> recumbency
  • Pirrolizidine toxicosis -> encephalomalacia -> dementia
A
  • Food contaminated with moulds -> fumonisn-B1 toxin: encephalomalacia -> dysphagia, dyskinesis -> recumbency
295
Q

Cerebral commotion (concussion) in horses/prognosis

  • Favourable in young individuals, poor in older horses
  • Usually favourable
  • Depends on region of the skull injured
  • Usually unfavourable
A
  • Depends on region of the skull injured
296
Q

Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy. Which statement is true?

  • It is caused by EHV-2, on immuno-mediated basis, due to type 3 hypersensibilization
  • It is caused by EHV-1, or sometimes by EHV-4, on an immune-mediated basis, due to type 3 hypersensibilization
  • The symptoms can be seen in horses vaccinated against EHV because of immuno- complex based vasculitis
  • In foals neurlogic signs are less frequent
A
  • It is caused by EHV-1, or sometimes by EHV-4, on an immune-mediated basis, due to type 3 hypersensibilization
297
Q

Which disease most resembles rabies in horses?

  • Tetanus
  • Botulismus
  • Equine Leukoencephalomalacia ELE
  • Equine Meningoencephalitis THEME caused by Heamophilus somnus
A
  • Equine Leukoencephalomalacia ELE
298
Q

Equine laryngeal hemiplegia/diagnosis?

  • Grade 1: obvious asymmetry at test, no movements
  • Grade 3: asynchronous movement, no complete opening
  • Grade 1: asyncrhonicity, tremor, weak movements, complete open with nasal occlusion
  • Grade 3: synchronicity, complete closure and opening
A
  • Grade 3: asynchronous movement, no complete opening
299
Q

COPD(RAO)

  • Allergic disease
  • Chronic fungal infection
  • Chronic bacterial infection
  • Chronic viral infection
A
  • Allergic disease
300
Q

Guttural pouch mycosis/signs?

  • Unilateral nasal bleeding, fever, halitosis
  • Bilateral nasal discharge, fever, cough
  • Epistaxis, nasal discharge, dysphagia, laryngeal paralysis, Horner syndrome
  • Swollen parotid region, loss of appetite, weightloss, cough
A
  • Epistaxis, nasal discharge, dysphagia, laryngeal paralysis, Horner syndrome
301
Q

Resp rate of normal adult horse is:

  • 10-18
  • 20-28
  • 30-38
  • 40-48
302
Q

Which method is suitable for tracheal fluid sampling?

  • Aspiration via sterile catheter introduced through the endoscope
  • Induced cough
  • Aspiration through the accessory channel of the endoscope
  • Collection of nasal discharge under sedation when the head is lowered
A
  • Aspiration via sterile catheter introduced through the endoscope
303
Q

A tracheal wash sample is suitable:

  • Culture
  • Cytology
  • Antibody sensitivity test
  • All three
304
Q

Nose bleed in racehorse

  • Consequence of competition’s trauma
  • Consequence of incidence of lung-bleeding
  • Consequence of dope-using
A
  • Consequence of incidence of lung-bleeding
305
Q

Nose bleed in racehorse reasons

  • Trauma, haemorrhagic purpura, pharyngitis
  • Nasal-tumor, dominant successions, coagulopathy
  • Trauma, recessive thoroughbred-sick (EIPH), guttural pouch mycosis
A
  • Trauma, recessive thoroughbred-sick (EIPH), guttural pouch mycosis

Equine 11th semester (2 decks)

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