1

Question 1

Proconsul
When
What
Who related to

Answer 1

Early Miocene
Cingula
Ape-like dentition/primitive catarrhine
-no tail but a coccyx
Monkey like post crania
Related to Ekembo, Afropithecus, Heliopithecus, Morotopithecus

Question 2

Ekembo

When
What
Who related to

Answer 2

Early Miocene
-well developed cingula
-ape like dentition
Monkey post crania
-coccyx no tail
-wrist and hip have higher level of mobility
F-fenestrated palate
-Kenya

Question 3

Afropithecus

When
What
Who related to

Answer 3

Early Miocene
-larger jaws with more powerful chewing
-massive front teeth
-thick mandible
-molars are more round on the cusps and larger
-wider molars
-tusk;Ike canines
-incisors that project outward
-

Question 4

Name the early Miocene apes

Answer 4

Proconsul
Ekembo
Afropithecus
Heliopithecus
Morotopithecus

Question 5

Heliopithecus

When
What
Who related to

Answer 5

Early Miocene
-pretty much identical to Afropithecus
-larger molars with rounder cusps
-Saudi Arabia

Question 6

Morotopithecus

Answer 6

-fenestrated windows
-dentition similar to Ekembo
-lumbar vertebrae intermediate to monkeys and apes
-cingula and thinner enamel

Question 7

Griphopithecus

Answer 7

Large, robust jaws
-thick enamel
-low EDJ (no horns)
-flattened enamel surface
-terrestrial resources, hard and tough and gritty food wear down
-Turkey
-Ekembo-like post crania based on Griphopithecus
-pronograde quadrupedalism
-first to leave Africa

Question 8

Equatorius

Answer 8

similar to Gripho. But in Africa
-from Kenya
-16-15mya
-massive jaws
-thick enamel and low EDJ
-post-crania
-primitive limbs like Ekembo
-ulna with large olecranon process
-lower end of the ulna has a prominent styloid process for a stable wrist
-posterior humeral head like a monkey

Question 9

Nacholapithecus

Answer 9

-similar dentally
-small shelf-like cingula

-joints are relatively large in the forelimb and smaller in the hindlimb
-zygomatic root still low
-ape-like body plan starts to form
-distal end of humerus, proximal end of the ulna, proximal end of a femur
-Afropithecus like canines

Question 10

Kenyapithecus

Answer 10

high zygomatic root
-hominids (g. Apes and humans)
-youngest of the thick middle Miocene, low dentin penetrance
-distal end of a humerus
-not super distinct capitulum, asymmetrical …arboreal still
-No cingulum
-thicker canines than other griphopiths
-elongated molars

Question 11

Who had the first high zygomatic root

Answer 11

Kenyapithecus

Question 12

Who the mid Miocene

Answer 12

Griphopithecus
Nacholapithecus
Kenyapithecus
Equatorius

Question 13

Otavipithecus
When
What
Who related to

Answer 13

Relic of proconsul radiation maybe ?
-corpus tall like Ekembo and Afropithecus
-size of teeth like Ekembo
-female

Question 14

Pierolapithecus

Answer 14

relatively straight proximal phalanx
-possibly suspensory but not super sure
-more modern in premaxilla with overlapping maxilla and premaxilla (stepped subnasal fossa)
-reduced incisive foramen
-teeth revert to Ekembo-like
-thinner animal but high Dentin Penetrance

Question 15

Anoiapithecus

Answer 15

more modern in premaxilla with overlap
-reduced incisive foramen
-teeth revert to Ekembo-like
-thinner animal but high Dentin Penetrance

Question 16

Dryopithecus

Answer 16

-more modern in premaxilla with overlap
-reduced incisive foramen
-teeth revert to Ekembo-like
-thinner enamel but high Dentin Penetrance

Question 17

Hispanopithecus

Answer 17

-slight difference
-practically no cingulum
-canines more slender
-The proximal phalanx of the hand looks like an orangutan….suspensory
-long and curved finger bones
-high EDJ

Question 18

Rudapithecus

Answer 18

-identical curvature
-Suspensory from other postcranial details
-distal end of the humorous has well-defined trochlea with deep groove
-well separated from a large capitulum
-arm can fully extend and be stable
-radial articulation is perfectly spherical ….wide range of motion
-thinly enamelled
-tall and narrow incisors
-High EDJ
-klinorhynchy…downward oriented face

Question 19

Ouranopithecus

Answer 19

-similar to Ekembo but with selection pressures from hard food processing
-large jaws and teeth, thick enamel
-low dentin penetrance
-face looks like western and central euros
-postcranial
-more terrestrial
-small canine comp to back teeth
9.5-9mya

Question 20

Graecopithecus

Answer 20

-large teeth
-thick enamel
-low EDJ
-small canine relative

Question 21

Name the late Miocene euro

Answer 21

Dryopithecus
Pierolopithecus
Anoiopithecus
Otavipithecus

Hispanopithecus
Rudapithecus

Question 22

Sivapithecus

Answer 22

-concave face
-tall orbits
-narrow intraorbital space
-no brow ridge
-elongated, horizontal premaxilla
-supraorbital rim
-palate like an Organs
-robust jaws, thick enamel
-broad and flat and long molars
-big incisors
-no step, very overlapping premaxilla
-Anatolia-china

Question 23

Ankarapithecus

Answer 23

No extreme orang adaptations
-robust jaws, thick enamel
-big incisors

Question 24

Lufengpithecus

Answer 24

-not super orang-like
-maybe a dryopith in china
-crenulation on the molars
-suspensory based on phalanges

Question 25

Samburupithecus

Answer 25

A relic of early Miocene that survived until late
-low zygomatic root
-cingula
-thick enamel

Question 26

Nakalipithecus

Answer 26

-related to Ouranopithecus…ancestor
-tubercle on the canine
-on a ridge

Question 27

Oreopithecus

Answer 27

-very distinct dentiition
-isolation in Tuscany
-sheering incisors
Small teeth with high dentin penetrance
-relatevely thin enamel

Question 28

Asia

Answer 28

Sivapithecus
Ankarapithecus
Lufengpithecus

Question 29

Who has post crania

Answer 29

Ekembo
Morotopithecus
Equatorius
Nacholapithecus
Kenyapithecus
Pierolopithecus
Dryopithecus
Hispanopithecus
Rudapithecus
Oreopithecus