1/11 CLASS Flashcards
whats the endosymbiont theory
mitochondria were bacteria, chloroplasts were Cyanobacteria, infected or eaten by other species and ended up living together inside (still have some bacterial DNA; endosymbiosis)
what does it mean that viruses are acellular
not complete cells like bacteria or other organisms
whats required for a virus
DNA or RNA genome, genome surrounded by protein coat called capsid
what may the coat be enclosed in
lipid envelope
when are viruses replicated
only when in living host cell
whats a beneficial use of virsues
vaccines
are multicellular animal parasites pro or eu
eu
what are helmnths
parasitic flatworms and roundworms
what does knowledge of micorbio allow humans to do
prevent or slow growth of microbes to prevent food spoilage, disease, contamination; culture or encourage growth of microbes for fermented food, medicine production, recycling, bio control
when did Robert Hooke report that living things were composed of cells, which was the beginning of cell theory
1665
when did Anton van Leeuwenhoek observe the first microbes
late 1600s; animalcules viewed through magnifying lens
what were the 2 competing hypotheses for the way life arises
spontaneous generation and biogeness
when did redi disprove spontaneous generation for animals with decaying meat and maggots
1668
when was John needham’s experiment and what did it entail?
boiled nutrient broth, and placed in covered in flasks, which resulted in microbial growth; 1745
what did Lazaro spallanzani’s experiment entail and when did it happen
put nutrient broth IN flask, sealed, then heated, no microbial growth;1765
what were the results of spallanzani’s experiment
appeared to disprove spontaneous generation for germs but some argued it was because of lack of air
what did Rudolf Virchow further develop and when
in 1858; biogenesis hypothesis by proposing that all cells by arise from pre-existing cells
what solved the theory of biogenesis and when
pastuer’s experiment in 1861 (disproved spontaneous)
what was Pasteur’s experiment
water boiled in S-shaped flask that kept microbes out and let air in; water boiled in S-curve flask that let airborne microbes settle out of the air and kept them out; microbial growth happened when flask was open and microorganisms fell in from air
when was the golden age of microbioo
1880s
what else did Pasteur show microbes were responsible for
fermentation
what does microbial growth do to food
spoil
what did Pasteur demonstrate about spoilage bacteria being killed
by heat thats not hot enough to evaporate alcohol (when spoilage bacteria messes with wine)
whats pasteruizaion
application of high heat for short time; doesnt destroy flavor
